Human protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to compounds effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-beta) inhibitors thereby regulating angiogenesis. The present disclosure further relates to compositions comprising said human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-beta) inhibitors, and to methods for regulating angiogenesis.

PRIORITY

This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/816,730 filed on Jun. 27, 2006. The entire disclosure of this application is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to compounds effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors thereby regulating angiogenesis. The present disclosure further relates to compositions comprising said human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors, and to methods for regulating angiogenesis.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature, plays a crucial role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes (Nguyen, L. L. et al, Int. Rev. Cytol., 204, 1-48, (2001)). Angiogenesis is a complex process, mediated by communication between the endothelial cells that line blood vessels and their surrounding environment. In the early stages of angiogenesis, tissue or tumor cells produce and secrete pro-angiogenic growth factors in response to environmental stimuli such as hypoxia. These factors diffuse to nearby endothelial cells and stimulate receptors that lead to the production and secretion of proteases that degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix. The activated endothelial cells begin to migrate and proliferate into the surrounding tissue toward the source of these growth factors (Bussolino, F., Trends Biochem. Sci., 22, 251-256, (1997)). Endothelial cells then stop proliferating and differentiate into tubular structures, which is the first step in the formation of stable, mature blood vessels. Subsequently, periendothelial cells, such as pericytes and smooth muscle cells, are recruited to the newly formed vessel in a further step toward vessel maturation.

Angiogenesis is regulated by a balance of naturally occurring pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and angiopoeitin represent a few of the many potential pro-angiogenic growth factors. These ligands bind to their respective receptor tyrosine kinases on the endothelial cell surface and transduce signals that promote cell migration and proliferation. Whereas many regulatory factors have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of this process are still not fully understood.

There are many disease states driven by persistent unregulated or improperly regulated angiogenesis. In such disease states, unregulated or improperly regulated angiogenesis may either cause a particular disease or exacerbate an existing pathological condition. For example, ocular neovascularization has been implicated as the most common cause of blindness and underlies the pathology of approximately 20 eye diseases. In certain previously existing conditions such as arthritis, newly formed capillary blood vessels invade the joints and destroy cartilage. In diabetes, new capillaries formed in the retina invade the vitreous humor, causing bleeding and blindness. Both the growth and metastasis of solid tumors are also angiogenesis-dependent (Folkman et al., “Tumor Angiogenesis,” Chapter 10, 206-32, in The Molecular Basis of Cancer, Mendelsohn et al., eds., W. B. Saunders, (1995)). It has been shown that tumors which enlarge to greater than 2 mm in diameter must obtain their own blood supply and do so by inducing the growth of new capillary blood vessels. After these new blood vessels become embedded in the tumor, they provide nutrients and growth factors essential for tumor growth as well as a means for tumor cells to enter the circulation and metastasize to distant sites, such as liver, lung or bone (Weidner, New Eng. J. Med., 324, 1, 1-8 (1991)). When used as drugs in tumor-bearing animals, natural inhibitors of angiogenesis may prevent the growth of small tumors (O'Reilly et al., Cell, 79, 315-28 (1994)). In some protocols, the application of such inhibitors leads to tumor regression and dormancy even after cessation of treatment (O'Reilly et al., Cell, 88, 277-85 (1997)). Moreover, supplying inhibitors of angiogenesis to certain tumors may potentiate their response to other therapeutic regimens (Teischer et al., Int. J. Cancer, 57, 920-25 (1994)).

Although many disease states are driven by persistent unregulated or improperly regulated angiogenesis, some disease states could be treated by increased angiogenesis. Tissue growth and repair are biologic events wherein cellular proliferation and angiogenesis occur. Thus an important aspect of wound repair is the revascularization of damaged tissue by angiogenesis.

Chronic, non-healing wounds are a major cause of prolonged morbidity in the aged human population. This is especially the case in bedridden or diabetic patients who develop severe, non-healing skin ulcers. In many of these cases, the delay in healing is a result of inadequate blood supply either as a result of continuous pressure or of vascular blockage. Poor capillary circulation due to small artery atherosclerosis or venous stasis contributes to the failure to repair damaged tissue. Such tissues are often infected with microorganisms that proliferate unchallenged by the innate defense systems of the body which require well vascularized tissue to effectively eliminate pathogenic organisms. As a result, most therapeutic intervention centers on restoring blood flow to ischemic tissues thereby allowing nutrients and immunological factors access to the site of the wound.

Atherosclerotic lesions in large vessels may cause tissue ischemia that could be ameliorated by modulating blood vessel growth to the affected tissue. For example, atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries may cause angina and myocardial infarction that could be prevented if one could restore blood flow by stimulating the growth of collateral arteries. Similarly, atherosclerotic lesions in the large arteries that supply the legs may cause ischemia in the skeletal muscle that limits mobility and in some cases necessitates amputation, which may also be prevented by improving blood flow with angiogenic therapy.

Other diseases such as diabetes and hypertension are characterized by a decrease in the number and density of small blood vessels such as arterioles and capillaries. These small blood vessels are important for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. A decrease in the number and density of these vessels contributes to the adverse consequences of hypertension and diabetes including claudication, ischemic ulcers, accelerated hypertension, and renal failure. These common disorders and many other less common ailments, such as Burgers disease, could be ameliorated by increasing the number and density of small blood vessels using angiogenic therapy.

It has been suggested that one means for regulating angiogenesis is to treat patients with a human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitor (Kruegar et al., EMBO J., 9, (1990)) and, therefore, to satisfy this need the compounds of the present disclosure have been prepared.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The compounds of the present disclosure are a new class of compounds that can regulate angiogenesis in humans.

The present disclosure further relates to pharmaceutical compositions and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and/or pharmaceutical compositions thereof comprising

-   -   a) an effective amount of one or more compounds according to the         present disclosure; and     -   b) an excipient . . .

The present disclosures also relate to methods for controlling angiogenesis, and thereby providing a treatment for diseases affected by angiogenesis, said methods comprising administering to a human an effective amount of a compound according to the present disclosure.

These and other objects, features, and advantages will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from a reading of the following detailed description and the appended claims. All percentages, ratios and proportions herein are by weight, unless otherwise specified. All temperatures are in degrees Celsius (° C.) unless otherwise specified. All documents cited are in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings:

By “pharmaceutically acceptable” is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material can be administered to an individual along with the relevant active compound without causing clinically unacceptable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification the word “comprise” and other forms of the word, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” means including but not limited to, and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers, or steps.

As used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a composition” includes mixtures of two or more such compositions.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.

Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that when a value is disclosed, then “less than or equal to” the value, “greater than or equal to the value,” and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “less than or equal to 10” as well as “greater than or equal to 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that throughout the application data are provided in a number of different formats and that this data represent endpoints and starting points and ranges for any combination of the data points. For example, if a particular data point “10” and a particular data point “15” are disclosed, it is understood that greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.

The term “organic unit” as described herein refers to groups or moieties that comprise one or more carbon atoms and which form a portion of one of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For example, many of the substituent units referred to elsewhere herein are organic units. In order to effectively function in the context of their presence in the compounds and/or salts disclosed herein, the organic units should often have variable ranges of restricted size and/or molecular weight, so as to provide desired binding to the target enzymes, solubility, bioabsorption characteristics. For example, organic unit can have, for example, 1-26 carbon atoms, 1-18 carbon atoms, 1-12 carbon atoms, 1-8 carbon atoms, or 1-4 carbon atoms. Organic units often have hydrogen bound to at least some of the carbon atoms of the organic units, and can optionally contain the common heteroatoms found in substituted organic compounds, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and the like, or inorganic atoms such as halogens, phosphorus, and the like. One example, of an organic radical that comprises no inorganic atoms is a 5, 6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl radical. In some embodiments, an organic radical can contain 1-10 inorganic heteroatoms bound thereto or therein, including halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and the like. Examples of organic radicals include but are not limited to an alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, acyloxy, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamido, substituted alkylcarboxamido, dialkylcarboxamido, substituted dialkylcarboxamido, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic radicals, wherein the terms are defined elsewhere herein. A few non-limiting examples of organic radicals that include heteroatoms include alkoxy radicals, trifluoromethoxy radicals, acetoxy radicals, dimethylamino radicals and the like.

Substituted and unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl units include the following non-limiting examples: methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), iso-propyl (C₃), cyclopropyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), cyclobutyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclohexyl (C₆), and the like; whereas substituted linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, non-limiting examples of which includes, hydroxymethyl (C₁), chloromethyl (C₁), trifluoromethyl (C₁), aminomethyl (C₁), 1-chloroethyl (C₂), 2-hydroxyethyl (C₂), 1,2-difluoroethyl (C₂), 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl (C₃), 3-carboxypropyl (C₃), 2,3-dihydroxycyclobutyl (C₄), and the like.

Substituted and unsubstituted linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl include, ethenyl (C₂), 3-propenyl (C₃), 1-propenyl (also 2-methylethenyl) (C₃), isopropenyl (also 2-methylethen-2-yl) (C₃), buten-4-yl (C₄), and the like; substituted linear or branched alkenyl, non-limiting examples of which include, 2-chloroethenyl (also 2-chlorovinyl) (C₂), 4-hydroxybuten-1-yl (C₄), 7-hydroxy-7-methyloct-4-en-2-yl (C₉), 7-hydroxy-7-methyloct-3,5-dien-2-yl (C₉), and the like.

Substituted and unsubstituted linear or branched alkynyl include, ethynyl (C₂), prop-2-ynyl (also propargyl) (C₃), propyn-1-yl (C₃), and 2-methyl-hex-4-yn-1-yl (C₇); substituted linear or branched alkynyl, non-limiting examples of which include, 5-hydroxy-5-methylhex-3-ynyl (C₇), 6-hydroxy-6-methylhept-3-yn-2-yl (C₈), 5-hydroxy-5-ethylhept-3-ynyl (C₉), and the like.

Substituted and unsubstituted “alkoxy” are used herein denotes a unit having the general formula —OR¹⁰⁰ wherein R¹⁰⁰ is an alkyl, alkylenyl, or alkynyl unit as defined herein above, for example, methoxy, methoxymethyl, methoxymethyl.

Substituted and unsubstituted “haloalkyl” are used herein denotes an alkyl unit having a hydrogen atom substituted by one or more halogen atoms, for example, trifluoromethyl, 1,2-dichloroethyl, and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl.

The term “aryl” as used herein denotes cyclic organic units that comprise at least one benzene ring having a conjugated and aromatic six-membered ring, non-limiting examples of which include phenyl (C₆), naphthylen-1-yl (C₁₀), naphthylen-2-yl (C₁₀). Aryl rings can have one or more hydrogen atoms substituted by another organic or inorganic radical. Non-limiting examples of substituted aryl rings include: 4-fluorophenyl (C₆), 2-hydroxyphenyl (C₆), 3-methylphenyl (C₆), 2-amino-4-fluorophenyl (C₆), 2-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl (C₆), 2-cyanophenyl (C₆), 2,6-di-tert-butylphenyl (C₆), 3-methoxyphenyl (C₆), 8-hydroxynaphthylen-2-yl (C₁₀), 4,5-dimethoxynaphthylen-1-yl (C₁₀), and 6-cyanonaphthylen-1-yl (C₁₀).

The term “heteroaryl” denotes an organic unit comprising a five or six member conjugated and aromatic ring wherein at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. The heteroaryl rings can comprise a single ring, for example, a ring having 5 or 6 atoms wherein at least one ring atom is a heteroatom not limited to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, such as a pyridine ring, a furan ring, or thiofuran ring. A “heteroaryl” can also be a fused multicyclic and heteroaromatic ring system having wherein at least one of the rings is an aromatic ring and at least one atom of the aromatic ring is a heteroatom including nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur

The following are non-limiting examples of heteroaryl rings according to the present disclosure:

The term “heterocyclic” denotes a ring system having from 3 to 10 atoms wherein at least one of the ring atoms is a heteroatom not limited to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. The rings can be single rings, fused rings, or bicyclic rings. Non-limiting examples of heterocyclic rings include:

All of the aforementioned heteroaryl or heterocyclic rings can be optionally substituted with one or more substitutes for hydrogen as described herein further.

Throughout the description of the present disclosure the terms having the spelling “thiophene-2-yl and thiophene-3-yl” are used to describe the heteroaryl units having the respective formulae:

whereas in naming the compounds of the present disclosure, the chemical nomenclature for these moieties are typically spelled “thiophen-2-yl and thiophen-3-yl” respectively. Herein the terms “thiophene-2-yl and thiophene-3-yl” are used when describing these rings as units or moieties which make up the compounds of the present disclosure solely to make it unambiguous to the artisan of ordinary skill which rings are referred to herein.

The term “substituted” is used throughout the specification. The term “substituted” is defined herein as “a hydrocarbyl moiety, whether acyclic or cyclic, which has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by a substituent or several substituents as defined herein below.” The units, when substituting for hydrogen atoms are capable of replacing one hydrogen atom, two hydrogen atoms, or three hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbyl moiety at a time. In addition, these substituents can replace two hydrogen atoms on two adjacent carbons to form said substituent, new moiety, or unit. For example, a substituted unit that requires a single hydrogen atom replacement includes halogen, hydroxyl, and the like. A two hydrogen atom replacement includes carbonyl, oximino, and the like. A two hydrogen atom replacement from adjacent carbon atoms includes epoxy, and the like. A three hydrogen replacement includes cyano, and the like. The term substituted is used throughout the present specification to indicate that a hydrocarbyl moiety, inter alia, aromatic ring, alkyl chain; can have one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced by a substituent. When a moiety is described as “substituted” any number of the hydrogen atoms may be replaced. For example, 4-hydroxyphenyl is a “substituted aromatic carbocyclic ring”, (N,N-dimethyl-5-amino)octanyl is a “substituted C₈ alkyl unit, 3-guanidinopropyl is a “substituted C₃ alkyl unit,” and 2-carboxypyridinyl is a “substituted heteroaryl unit.”

The following are non-limiting examples of units which can substitute for hydrogen atoms on a hydrocarbyl or other unit:

-   -   i) C₁-C₁₂ linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, and         alkynyl; for example, methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), ethenyl (C₂),         ethynyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), iso-propyl (C₃), cyclopropyl (C₃),         3-propenyl (C₃), 1-propenyl (also 2-methylethenyl) (C₃),         isopropenyl (also 2-methylethen-2-yl) (C₃), prop-2-ynyl (also         propargyl) (C₃), propyn-1-yl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄),         iso-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), cyclobutyl (C₄), buten-4-yl         (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅), cyclohexyl (C₆);     -   ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₆ or C₁₀ aryl; for example,         phenyl, naphthyl (also referred to herein as naphthylen-1-yl         (C₁₀) or naphthylen-2-yl (C₁₀));     -   iii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₉ heterocyclic rings; as         described herein;     -   iv) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₉ heteroaryl rings; as         described herein below;     -   v) —(CR^(13a)R^(13b))_(z)OR¹²; for example, —OH, —CH₂OH, —OCH₃,         —CH₂OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —OCH₂CH₂CH₃, and         —CH₂OCH₂CH₂CH₃;     -   vi)-(CR^(13a)R^(13b))_(z)C(O)R¹²; for example, —COCH₃,         —CH₂COCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂COCH₂CH₃, —COCH₂CH₂CH₃, and         —CH₂COCH₂CH₂CH₃;     -   vii)-(CR^(13a)R^(13b))_(z)C(O)OR¹²; for example, —CO₂CH₃,         —CH₂CO₂CH₃, —CO₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CO₂CH₂CH₃, —CO₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, and         —CH₂CO₂CH₂CH₂CH₃;     -   viii)-(CR^(13a)R^(13b))_(z)C(O)N(R¹²)₂; for example, —CONH₂,         —CH₂CONH₂, CONHCH₃, —CH₂CONHCH₃, —CON(CH₃)₂, and —CH₂CON(CH₃)₂;     -   ix) —(CR^(13a)R^(13b))_(z)N(R¹²)₂; for example, —NH₂, —CH₂NH₂,         —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, —NH(CH₂CH₃), —CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂N(CH₃)₂, and         —CH₂NH(CH₂CH₃);     -   x) halogen; —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;     -   xi) —(CR^(13a)R^(13b))_(z)CN;     -   xii) —(CR^(13a)R^(13b))_(z)NO₂;     -   xiii) —CH_(j)X_(k); wherein X is halogen, j is from 0 to 2,         j+k=3; for example, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CCl₃, or —CBr₃;     -   xiv) —(CR^(13a)R^(13b))_(z)SR¹²; —SH, —CH₂SH, —SCH₃, —CH₂SCH₃,         —SC₆H₅, and CH₂SC₆H₅;     -   xv) —(CR^(13a)R^(13b))_(z)SO₂R¹²; —SO₂H, —CH₂SO₂H, —SO₂CH₃,         —CH₂SO₂CH₃, SO₂C₆H₅, and —CH₂SO₂C₆H₅; and     -   xiii)-(CR^(13a)R^(13b))_(z)SO₃R¹²; for example, —SO₃H, —CH₂SO₃H,         —SO₃CH₃, CH₂SO₃CH₃, —SO₃C₆H₅, and —CH₂SO₃C₆H₅;         wherein each R¹² is independently hydrogen, substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₄ linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, phenyl,         benzyl; or two R¹² units can be taken together to form a ring         comprising 3-7 atoms; R^(13a) and R^(13b) are each independently         hydrogen or C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl; the index p is from         0 to 4.

For the purposes of the present disclosure the terms “compound,” “analog,” and “composition of matter” stand equally well for the disclosed chemical entities described herein, including all enantiomeric forms, diastereomeric forms, salts, and the like, and the terms “compound,” “analog,” and “composition of matter” are used interchangeably throughout the present specification.

The present disclosure addresses several unmet medical needs, inter alia;

-   1) Providing compositions effective as human protein tyrosine     phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby providing a method     for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder, disease, malady, or     condition wherein angiogenesis is elevated; -   2) Providing compositions effective as human protein tyrosine     phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby providing a method     for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder, disease, malady, or     condition; and -   3) Providing compositions effective as human protein tyrosine     phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby providing a method     for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder, disease, malady, or     condition wherein angiogenesis is decreased.

These and other unmet medical needs are resolved by the human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors of the present disclosure, that are capable of regulating angiogenesis and thereby serving as a method for treating elevated or diminished angiogenesis in humans or in treating diseases that are caused by insufficient regulation of human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β).

The compounds disclosed herein include all pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms, for example, salts of both basic groups, inter alia, amines, as well as salts of acidic groups, inter alia, sulfamic acids, and carboxylic acids. The following are non-limiting examples of anions that can form salts with basic groups: chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, pyruvate, lactate, oxalate, malonate, maleate, succinate, tartrate, fumarate, citrate, and the like. The following are non-limiting examples of cations that can form salts of acidic groups: sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bismuth, and the like.

The compounds of the present disclosure have Formula (I):

wherein the carbon atom having the amino unit has the (S) stereochemistry as indicated in the formula.

R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl unit having the formula:

R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are substituent groups that can be independently chosen from a wide variety of inorganic (hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, halogen or the like) or organic substituent units, such as alkyls, cycloalkyls, heterocyclic, heteroaryls, and the like, wherein such substituent units can optionally have from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or 1 to six carbon atoms.

One example of compounds of Formula (I), R units relates to thiazol-2-yl units having the formula:

wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from:

-   -   i) hydrogen;     -   ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear, branched, or         cyclic alkyl;     -   iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;     -   iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or         R⁴ and R⁵ can be taken together to form a saturated or         unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms.

One example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units having the formula:

wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁴ is a unit chosen from methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), iso-propyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), 1-methylbutyl (C₅), 2-methylbutyl (C₅), 3-methylbutyl (C₅), cyclopropyl (C₅), n-hexyl (C₆), 4-methylpentyl (C₆), and cyclohexyl (C₆).

Another example of compounds of Formula (I), R units include to units wherein R⁴ is a unit chosen from methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), iso-propyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), and tert-butyl (C₄); and R⁵ is a unit chosen from methyl (C₁) or ethyl (C₂). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl, 4-ethyl-5-methylthiazol-2-yl, 4-methyl-5-ethylthiazol-2-yl, and 4,5-diethylthiazol-2-yl.

A further example of compounds of Formula (I), R units include units wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁴ is a substituted alkyl unit, said substitutions chosen from:

-   -   i) halogen: —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I;     -   ii) —N(R¹¹)₂; and     -   iii) —OR¹¹;         wherein each R¹¹ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₄ linear or         branched alkyl.

Non-limiting examples of units that can be a substitute for hydrogen on R units include —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CH₂CF₃, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂N(CH₃)₂, and CH₂NH(CH₂CH₃).

Other non-limiting examples of units that comprise R units include 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl, 2-methoxycyclohexyl, and 4-chlorocyclohexyl.

A yet further example of compounds of Formula (I), R units include units wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁴ is phenyl or substituted phenyl, wherein non-limiting examples of R⁴ units include phenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, 4-cyclopropylphenyl, 4-diethylaminophenyl, 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl, 4-(trifluoro-methoxy)phenyl, 3-chloropheny, 4-chlorophenyl, and 3,4-dichlorophenyl, which when incorporated into the definition of R affords the following R units 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl, 3,4-dimethylphenylthiazol-2-yl, 4-tert-butylphenylthiazol-2-yl, 4-cyclopropylphenylthiazol-2-yl, 4-diethylaminophenylthiazol-2-yl, 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylthiazol-2-yl, 4-methoxyphenylthiazol-2-yl, 4-(difluoromethoxy)phenylthiazol-2-yl, 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylthiazol-2-yl, 3-chloropheny, 4-chlorophenylthiazol-2-yl, and 3,4-dichlorophenylthiazol-2-yl.

A still further example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁴ is chosen from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and iso-propyl and R⁵ is phenyl or substituted phenyl. A non-limiting example of a R unit according to the fifth aspect of the first category of R units includes 4-methyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl and 4-ethyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl.

Another further example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit chosen from 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl, and [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl.

Further non-limiting example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted thiophene-2-yl, for example thiophene-2-yl, 5-chlorothiophene-2-yl, and 5-methylthiophene-2-yl.

A still further example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted thiophene-3-yl, for example thiophene-3-yl, 5-chlorothiophene-3-yl, and 5-methylthiophene-3-yl.

Another example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms. Non-limiting examples of the sixth aspect of the first category of R units include 5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[d]thiazol-2-yl and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl.

Further examples of compounds of Formula (I) include R units that are thiazol-4-yl units having the formula:

wherein R⁶ is a unit chosen from:

-   -   i) hydrogen;     -   ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear, branched, or         cyclic alkyl;     -   iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl rings having from 5 to         10 ring atoms; or     -   iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl having from 5 to 10         ring atoms.

An example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁶ is hydrogen.

A further example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁶ is a unit chosen from methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), iso-propyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), and tert-butyl (C₄). Non-limiting examples of this aspect of R includes 2-methylthiazol-4-yl, 2-ethylthiazol-4-yl, 2-(n-propyl)thiazol-4-yl, and 2-(iso-propyl)thiazol-4-yl.

A still further example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, non-limiting examples of which include phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 4-methoxyphenyl.

Yet further example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, non-limiting examples of which include thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, 2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl, 2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl, 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, and 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl.

A further example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁶ is a unit having the formula:

wherein R⁷ is C₁-C₄ substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, non-limiting examples of R⁶ include 4-chlorobenzenesulfonylmethyl and tert-butylsulfonylmethyl.

A further example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R units wherein R⁶ is a unit chosen from substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, and pyrimidinyl, non-limiting examples of which include pyrazin-2-yl and (2-methyl)pyridin-5-yl.

R¹ Units

One example of R¹ units includes compounds wherein R¹ is hydrogen. The compounds of the present disclosure wherein R¹ is equal to hydrogen have the formula:

and the compounds of this category therefore do not comprise a second chiral center.

Another example of compounds of Formula (I) includes R¹ units having a second chiral center and, for example, having the formulae:

and the indicated stereochemistry. The disclosed compounds can be single diastereomers or mixtures thereof and can be obtained by the formulator in any of the following ways:

-   -   i) as a mixture of the (S),(S) and (S),(R) diastereomers and         used as a mixture for regulation of angiogenesis;     -   ii) as a mixture of the (S),(S) and (S),(R) diastereomers that         are then subsequently separated into the single diastereomers         before being used for regulation of angiogenesis; or     -   iii) directly prepared as the individual (S),(S) or (S),(R)         diastereomer, the method further described herein below.

One example of compounds according to Formula (I) includes R¹ units that are benzyl, non-limiting examples of which include 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid, 4-{(S)-2-(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropaneamido-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)}phenylsulfamic acid, 4-{(S)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid, and 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropan-amido]-2-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid, as well as other compounds described herein below.

Another example of compounds according to Formula (I) includes R¹ units that are substituted benzyl, non-limiting examples of which include 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propaneamido-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)}phenylsulfamic acid, and 4-{(S)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)propanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid.

A further example of compounds according to Formula (I) includes R¹ units that are phenyl, non-limiting examples of which include 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylethanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid, 4-{(S)-2-(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylethaneamido-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)}phenylsulfamic acid, and 4-{(S)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylethaneamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid.

A yet further example of compounds according to Formula (I) includes R¹ units that are C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl non-limiting examples of which include 4-{(S)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-methylbutanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid, 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-methylpentanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid, and 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-methylpentan-amido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid, as well as other compounds described herein below.

R² is a unit chosen from:

-   -   i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or     -   ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy.

One example of R² includes C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy units having the formula: —OR⁸ wherein R⁸ is a C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl unit chosen from methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), iso-propyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), or n-hexyl (C₆).

Another example of compounds according to Formula (I) includes R² units that are C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl chosen from methyl (C₁), ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), iso-propyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), tert-butyl (C₄), n-pentyl (C₅), or n-hexyl (C₆).

R³ is hydrogen or C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl.

One example of R³ includes compounds wherein R³ is hydrogen.

Another example of R³ includes compounds wherein R³ is methyl.

A further example of R³ includes compounds wherein R³ is chosen from ethyl (C₂), n-propyl (C₃), iso-propyl (C₃), n-butyl (C₄), sec-butyl (C₄), iso-butyl (C₄), and tert-butyl (C₄).

The compounds of Formula (I) can be organized into several categories for the strictly non-limiting purpose of describing alternatives for synthetic strategies for the preparation of subgenera of compounds within the scope of Formula (I) that are not expressly exemplified herein. This mental organization into categories does not imply anything with respect to increased or decreased biological efficacy with respect to any of the compounds or compositions of matter described herein.

The first aspect of Category I of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazol-2-yl unit and non-limiting examples of R and R¹ and the stereochemistry at R¹ are further described in Table I.

TABLE I No. R R¹ 1 thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 2 4-methylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 3 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 4 4-propylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 5 4-iso-propylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 6 4-cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 7 4-butylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 8 4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 9 4-cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 10 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 11 4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 12 4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 13 4-(methoxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 14 4-(carboxylic acid ethyl ester)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 15 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 16 4-methyl-5-ethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 17 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 18 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 19 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 20 4-methyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 21 4-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 22 4-(thiophene-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 23 4-(5-chlorothiophene-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 24 5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[d]thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 25 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl

The compounds encompassed within the first aspect of Category I of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme I and described in Example 1 herein below.

EXAMPLE 1 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (5)

Preparation of [1-(S)-carbamoyl-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1): To a 0° C. solution of 2-(S)-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-propionic acid and N-methylmorpholine (1.1 mL, 9.65 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) is added dropwise iso-butyl chloroformate (1.25 mL, 9.65 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes after which NH₃ (g) is passed through the reaction mixture for 30 minutes at 0° C. The reaction mixture is concentrated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc, washed successively with 5% citric acid, water, 5% NaHCO₃, water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a residue that is triturated with a mixture of EtOAc/petroleum ether to provide 2.2 g (74%) of the desired product as a white solid.

Preparation of [2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(S)-thiocarbamoylethyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (2): To a solution of [1-(S)-carbamoyl-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 1, (0.400 g, 1.29 mmol) in THF (10 mL) is added Lawesson's reagent (0.262 g. 0.65 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred for 3 hours and concentrated to a residue which is purified over silica to provide 0.350 g (83%) of the desired product. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d. J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.70 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.11-3.30 (m, 1H), 1.21 (s, 9H).

Preparation of 1-(S)-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl amine (3): A mixture of [2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(S)-thiocarbamoylethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 2, (0.245 g, 0.753 mmol), 1-bromo-2-butanone (0.125 g, 0.828 mmol) in CH₃CN (5 mL) is refluxed 3 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether is added to the solution and the precipitate which forms is removed by filtration. The solid is dried under vacuum to afford 0.242 g (90% yield) of the desired product. ESI+MS 278 (M+1).

Preparation of {1-[1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylcarbamoyl]-2-phenylethyl} carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (4): To a solution of 1-(S)-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl amine hydrobromide, 3, (0.393 g, 1.1 mmol), (S)-(2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropionic acid (0.220 g, 0.828 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (0.127 g, 0.828 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) at 0° C., is added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI) (0.159 g, 0.828 mmol) followed by diisopropylamine (0.204 g, 1.58 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO₃, water and brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.345 g of the desired product which is used without further purification. LC/MS ESI+525 (M+1).

Preparation of 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropan-amido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (5): {1-[1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylcarbamoyl]-2-phenylethyl} carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 4, (0.345 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 2 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITE™ and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO₃-pyridine (0.314 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH₄OH (50 mL) is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.222 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.50-6.72 (m, 10H), 5.44-5.42 (d, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.34-2.79 (m, 4H), 2.83-2.76 (q, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).

The final compounds of the present disclosure can also be isolated as the free acid. A non-limiting example of this procedure is described herein below in Example 4.

The following are non-limiting examples of compounds encompassed within the first aspect of Category I of the present disclosure.

4-{(S)-2-[(R)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.22-7.02 (m, 10H), 5.39 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 1H), 3.24-2.68 (m, 6H), 1.37 (s, 9H), 1.30 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).

{1-[1-(5-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-(S)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethylcarbamoyl]-(S)-2-phenylethyl}methyl carbamic acid tert-butyl ester: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 8.36 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.04-7.22 (m, 9H), 5.45 (s, 1H), 3.01-3.26 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.88 (m, 4H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s, 9H).

{1-[1-(5-Phenylthiazol-2-yl)-(S)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethylcarbamoyl]-(S)-2-phenylethyl}methyl carbamic acid tert-butyl ester: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 8.20 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.96-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.00-7.23 (m, 7H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 5.28 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.09-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.34 (dd, J=13.2 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (dd, J=13.2 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (s, 9H).

The second aspect of Category I of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazol-4-yl unit and non-limiting examples of R and R¹ and the stereochemistry at R¹ are further described in Table II.

TABLE II No. R R¹ 26 thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 27 2-methylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 28 2-ethylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 29 2-propylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 30 2-iso-propylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 31 2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 32 2-butylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 33 2-tert-butylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 34 2-cyclohexylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 35 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 36 2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 37 2-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 38 2-phenylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 39 2-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 40 2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 41 2-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 42 2-(thiophene-3-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 43 2-(3-chlorothiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 44 2-(3-methylthiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 45 2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 46 2-(furan-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 47 2-(pyrazin-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 48 2-[(2-methyl)pyridin-5-yl]thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 49 2-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonylmethyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 50 2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl

The compounds encompassed within the second aspect of Category I of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme II and described in Example 2 herein below.

EXAMPLE 2 4-{(S)-2-(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (9)

Preparation of (S)-[3-diazo-1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-2-oxo-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (6): To a 0° C. solution of 2-(S)-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-propionic acid (1.20 g, 4.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL) is added dropwise triethylamine (0.61 mL, 4.4 mmol) followed by iso-butyl chloroformate (0.57 mL, 4.4 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes and filtered. The filtrate is treated with an ether solution of diazomethane (˜16 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours then concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue is dissolved in EtOAc and washed successively with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue is purified over silica (hexane/EtOAc 2:1) to afford 1.1 g (82% yield) of the desired product as a slightly yellow solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.16 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.39 (s, 1H), 5.16 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (s, 1H), 3.25 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.6, 1H), 3.06 (dd, J=13.5 and 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (s, 9H).

Preparation of (S)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate (7): To a 0° C. solution of (S)-[3-diazo-1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-2-oxo-propyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 6, (0.350 g, 1.04 mmol) in THF (5 mL) is added dropwise 48% aq. HBr (0.14 mL, 1.25 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hours then the reaction is quenched at 0° C. with sat. Na₂CO₃. The mixture is extracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL) and the combined organic extracts are washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to obtain 0.400 g of the product which is used in the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.06 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (s, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

Preparation of tert-butyl (S)-1-(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethylamino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamate (8): A mixture of thiobenzamide (0.117 g, 0.85 mmol) and (S)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate, 7, (0.300 g, 0.77 mmol) in CH₃CN (4 mL) is refluxed 2 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether is added to precipitate the intermediate 2-(nitrophenyl)-(S)-1-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)ethylamine which is isolated by filtration as the hydrobromide salt. The hydrobromide salt is dissolved in DMF (3 mL) together with diisoproylethylamine (0.42 mL, 2.31 mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (0.118 g, 0.79 mmol) and (S)-(2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropionic acid (0.212 g, 0.80 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO₃, water and brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.395 g (90% yield) of the desired product which is used without further purification. LC/MS ESI+573 (M+1).

Preparation of 4-{(S)-2-(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropane-amido-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)}phenylsulfamic acid (9): tert-butyl (S)-1-(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethylamino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamate, 8, (0.360 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 12 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITE™ and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO₃-pyridine (0.296 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH₄OH (10 mL) is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.050 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 8.20 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.96-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.52 (m, 3H), 7.00-7.23 (m, 7H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 5.28 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.09-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.34 (dd, J=13.2 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (dd, J=13.2 and 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (s, 9H).

The first aspect of Category II of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazol-2-yl unit and non-limiting examples of R and R¹ and the stereochemistry at R¹ are further described in Table III.

TABLE III No. R R¹ 51 thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 52 4-methylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 53 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 54 4-propylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 55 4-iso-propylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 56 4-cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 57 4-butylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 58 4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 59 4-cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 60 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 61 4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 62 4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 63 4-(methoxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 64 4-(carboxylic acid ethyl ester)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 65 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 66 4-methyl-5-ethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 67 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 68 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 69 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 70 4-methyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 71 4-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 72 4-(thiophene-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 73 4-(5-chlorothiophene-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 74 5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[d]thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 75 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl

The compounds encompassed within the first aspect of Category II of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme III and described in Example 3 herein below.

EXAMPLE 3 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (11)

Preparation of methyl-(S)-1-[(S)-1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl-amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamate (10): tert-butyl (S)-1-[(S)-1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylamino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamate, 8, (0.460 mg, 0.881 mmol) is dissolved in a solution of 4M hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred 1 hour, and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The resulting crude amine is dissolved in CHCl₃ (8 mL) and pyridine (1 mL) is added. The temperature is cooled to 0° C. and methyl chloroformate (0.083 g, 0.881 mmol) is added dropwise. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 days. Water is added, the solution stirred for 15 minutes and then extracted several times with CHCl₃. The combined organic layers are washed with 1N HCl, 5% NaHCO₃, and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.297 g of the desired product.

Preparation of 4-{(S)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (11): Methyl-(S)-1-[(S)-1-(4-ethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl-amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamate, 10, (0.297 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 4 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITE™ and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO₃-pyridine (0.196 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH₄OH (25 mL) is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography silica to afford 0.172 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. ¹H(CD₃OD): δ 7.26-7.00 (m, 10H), 5.39 (t, 1H, J=5.7 Hz), 4.38 (t, 1H, J=5.7 Hz), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.34-2.75 (m, 6H), 1.30 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).

The following are non-limiting examples of the first aspect of Category II of the present disclosure.

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(thiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.78-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.02 (m, 9H), 5.49-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.39 (t, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.51-2.71 (m, 4H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.52-8.49 (m, 1H), 7.20-6.99 (m, 10H), 5.37 (bs, 1H), 4.36 (bs, 1H), 3.62-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.32-3.22 (m, 1H), 3.11-3.01 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-propylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.51-8.49 (m, 1H), 7.22-6.99 (m, 10H), 5.39 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J=14.4, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 3.59-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.27 (dd, J=13.5, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.12-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.71 (m, 3H), 1.81-1.68 (m, 2H), 0.985 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

4-{(S)-2-(4-tert-Butylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.23-7.19 (m, 5H), 7.10-6.98 (m, 5H), 5.42-5.38 (m, 1H), 4.37 (dd, J=8.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 3.48 (bs, 1H), 3.32-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.13-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.77 (dd, J=13.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (s, 9H).

4-{(S)-2-(4-Cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H(CD₃OD): δ 7.13-6.91 (m, 10H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 5.23 (t, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 4.24 (t, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 3.50 (s, 3H), 3.12-2.66 (m, 4H), 1.94 (t, 1H, J=5.1 Hz), 0.84-0.73 (m, 4H).

4-{(S)-2-(4-Cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.21-6.97 (m, 10H), 5.45-5.25 (m, 1H), 5.42-5.36 (m, 1H), 5.10-5.02 (m, 1H), 4.03-4.35 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.60-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.12-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.95 (dd, J=14.1, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 2.82-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.07-1.77 (m, 3H), 1.56-1.31 (m, 10H).

4-{(S)-2-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.45 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.03 (m, 9H), 5.28 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 3.52-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.22 (dd, J=14.1, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.07-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.77 (dd, J=13.5, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H).

4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethyl-5-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.45 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.00 (m, 9H), 5.31 (bs, 1H), 4.37 (bs, 1H), 3.62-3.46 (m, 3H), 3.28-2.64 (m, 6H), 2.34 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 3H), 1.37-1.20 (m, 3H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.40 (d, J=11.1 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.15 (m, 5H), 7.12-7.00 (m, 5H), 5.41 (dd, J=8.4, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.42-4.36 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.52 (m, 5H), 3.33-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.97-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.70 (m, 1H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.23-7.03 (m, 10H), 5.46-5.34 (m, 1H), 4.54-4.44 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.62-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.17-2.99 (m, 4H), 2.82-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.69-2.56 (m, 2H).

4-{(S)-2[4-(2,2-Difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-2-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl-amino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.28-7.00 (m, 10H), 5.42-5.37 (m, 1H), 4.41-4.38 (m, 1H), 3.60 (s, 2H), 3.61-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.04-2.91 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.68 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.90 (m, 2H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4-(methoxy-methyl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.55 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.05 (m, 9H), 5.41 (bs, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.37 (bs, 1H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 3.59-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.41 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.22 (m, 1H), 3.13-3.00 (m, 3H), 2.80-2.72 (m, 1H).

4-{(S)-2-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.20-7.07 (m, 10H), 5.40 (dd, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.45-4.36 (m, 3H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.60-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.79 (dd, J=13.5, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl))ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.63 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.47-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.19-7.10 (m, 10H), 5.42-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.41 (t, J=7.2, 1H), 3.65-3.50 (m, 3H), 3.16-2.77 (m, 4H).

4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.50-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.11 (m, 10H), 5.45-5.35 (m, 1H), 5.42-4.37 (m, 1H), 3.63-3.50 (m, 3H), 3.34-3.29 (m, 3H), 3.15-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.84-2.74 (m, 3H), 1.31-1.21 (m, 3H).

4-{(S)-2-[4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.60 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.11 (m, 10H), 5.47 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.44-4.38 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.62-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.32 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.05 (m, 2H), 2.84-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.32 (s, 3H).

4-{(S)-2-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.65 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.10 (m, 9H), 5.50-5.45 (m, 1H), 4.41 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.62-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.81 (dd, J=13.8, 9.0 Hz, 1H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.94-7.92 (d, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.10 (m, 9H), 5.46 (t, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 4.39 (m, 1H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.36-2.79 (m, 6H).

4-{(5)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.63 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.39 (dd, J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.08 (m, 10H), 5.50-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.39 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.50 (bs, 1H), 3.39-3.32 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.80 (dd, J=13.5, 8.7 Hz, 1H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4-(thiophen-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.60 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.14 (d, J=25.2 Hz, 10H), 5.46-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.40-4.38 (m, 1H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.55-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.19-3.04 (m, 4H), 2.84-2.75 (m, 1H).

4-{(S)-2-(5,6-Dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxy-carbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.46 (bs, 1H), 7.16-7.05 (m, 9H), 5.31 (bs, 1H), 4.35 (bs, 1H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 3.52-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.18 (m, 1H), 3.10-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.74 (m, 4H), 2.58-2.44 (m, 2H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.21-7.08 (m, 9H), 5.45-5.25 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.30 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.64-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.20 (m, 1H), 3.09-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.75 (bs, 5H), 1.90 (bs, 4H).

4-{(S)-2-[4-(5-Chlorothiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl-amino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.63 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.10 (m, 9H), 7.00-6.97 (m, 1H), 5.43-5.40 (m, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=14.7 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.60-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.80 (dd, J=14.1, 8.4 Hz, 1H).

A further iteration of the first aspect of Category II relates to compounds wherein R² comprises —OCH₂CH₃ (ethoxy); the following is a non-limiting example thereof.

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.22-7.00 (m, 10H), 5.39 (t, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 4.37 (t, 1H, J=6.1 Hz), 4.08-4.00 (q, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 3.25-2.74 (m, 6H), 1.30 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 1.20 (t, 3H, J=6.9 Hz).

The second aspect of Category II of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazol-4-yl unit and non-limiting examples of R and R¹ and the stereochemistry at R¹ are further described in Table IV.

TABLE IV No. R R¹ 76 thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 77 2-methylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 78 2-ethylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 79 2-propylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 80 2-iso-propylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 81 2-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 82 2-butylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 83 2-tert-butylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 84 2-cyclohexylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 85 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 86 2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 87 2-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 88 2-phenylthiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 89 2-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 90 2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 91 2-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 92 2-(thiophene-3-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 93 2-(3-chlorothiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 94 2-(3-methylthiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 95 2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 96 2-(furan-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 97 2-(pyrazin-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 98 2-[(2-methyl)pyridin-5-yl]thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 99 2-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonylmethyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl 100 2-(tert-butylsulfonylmethyl)thiazol-4-yl (S)-benzyl

The compounds encompassed within the second aspect of Category II of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme IV and described in Example 4 herein below.

EXAMPLE 4 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (13)

Preparation of methyl (S)-1-[(S)-1-(2-ethylthiazole-4-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-ethyl]amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropane-2-ylcarbamate (12): A mixture of propanethioamide (69 mg, 0.78 mmol) and (S)-tert-butyl 4-bromo-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate, 7, (0.300 g, 0.77 mmol) in CH₃CN (4 mL) is refluxed for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and diethyl ether is added to precipitate the intermediate 2-(nitrophenyl)-(S)-1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethylamine which is isolated by filtration as the hydrobromide salt. The hydrobromide salt is dissolved in DMF (8 mL) together with diisoproylethylamine (0.38 mL, 2.13 mmol), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (107 mg, 0.71 mmol) and (S)-(2-methoxycarbonyl-amino)-3-phenylpropionic acid (175 mg, 0.78 mmol). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO₃, water and brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.300 g (81% yield) of the desired product which is used without further purification. LC/MS ESI+MS 483 (M+1).

Preparation of 4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid ammonium salt (13): tert-Butyl (S)-1-(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-ethylthiazole-4-yl)ethylamino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamate, 12, (0.300 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 18 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITE™ and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO₃-pyridine (223 mg, 1.40 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH₄OH (12 mL) is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 25 mg of the desired product as the ammonium salt. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.14-7.24 (m, 6H), 6.97-7.0 (m, 4H), 6.62 (s, 1H), 5.10-5.30 (m, 1H), 4.36 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.14 (dd, J=13.5 and 6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.93-3.07 (m, 5H), 2.81 (dd, J=13.5 and 6.3 HZ, 1H), 1.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 3H).

In another iteration of the process of the present disclosure, compound 13, as well as the other analogs which comprise the present disclosure, can be isolated as the free acid by adapting the procedure described herein below.

EXAMPLE 4a 4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid [Free Acid Form] (13)

Preparation of {1-[2-(S)-(4-(S)-aminophenyl)-1-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl-carbamoyl]-2-phenylethyl}-carbamic acid methyl ester (12a): A Parr hydrogenation vessel is charged with tert-butyl (S)-1-(S)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(2-ethylthiazole-4-yl)ethylamino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-ylcarbamate, 12, (18.05 g, 37.4 mmol, 1.0 eq) and Pd/C (10% Pd on C, 50% wet, Degussa-type E101 NE/W, 2.68 g, 15 wt %) as solids. MeOH (270 mL, 15 mL/g) is added to provide a suspension. The vessel is put on a Parr hydrogenation apparatus. The vessel is submitted to a fill/vacuum evacuate process with N₂ (3×20 psi) to inert, followed by the same procedure with H₂ (3×40 psi). The vessel is filled with H₂ and the vessel is shaken under 40 psi H₂ for 40 hr. The vessel is evacuated and the atmosphere is purged with N₂ (5×20 psi). An aliquot is filtered and analyzed by HPLC to insure complete conversion. The suspension is filtered through a pad of celite to remove the catalyst, and the homogeneous yellow filtrate is concentrated by rotary evaporation to afford 16.06 g (95% yield) of the desired product as a tan solid, which is used without further purification.

Preparation of 4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid (13): A 100 mL RBF is charged with {1-[2-(S)-(4-(S)-aminophenyl)-1-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl-carbamoyl]-2-phenylethyl}-carbamic acid methyl ester, 12a, (10.36 g, 22.9 mmol, 1.0 eq) prepared in the step described herein above. Acetonitrile (50 mL, 5 mL/g) is added and the yellow suspension is stirred at room temperature. A second 3-necked 500 mL RBF is charged with SO₃.pyr (5.13 g, 32.2 mmol, 1.4 eq) and acetonitrile (50 mL 5 mL/g) and the white suspension is stirred at room temperature. Both suspensions are gently heated until the reaction solution containing {1-[2-(S)-(4-(S)-aminophenyl)-1-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl-carbamoyl]-2-phenylethyl}-carbamic acid methyl ester becomes red-orange in color (typically for this example about 44° C.). This substrate containing solution is poured in one portion into the stirring suspension of SO₃.pyr at 35° C. The resulting opaque mixture (39° C.) is stirred vigorously while allowed to slowly cool to room temperature. After stirring for 45 min, the reaction is determined to be complete by HPLC. H₂O (200 mL, 20 mL/g) is added to the orange suspension to provide a yellow-orange homogeneous solution having a pH of approximately 2.4. Concentrated H₃PO₄ is added slowly over 12 minutes to lower the pH to approximately 1.4. During this pH adjustment, an off-white precipitate is formed and the solution is stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. The suspension is filtered and the filter cake is washed with the filtrate. The filter cake is air-dried on the filter overnight to afford 10.89 g (89% yield) of the desired product as a tan solid.

The following are further non-limiting examples of the second aspect of Category II of the present disclosure.

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 8.15 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.25 (m, 5H), 6.97-7.10 (m, 4H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 5.00-5.24 (m, 1H), 4.36 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.11-3.19 (s, 1H), 2.92-3.04 (s, 2H), 2.81 (dd, J=13.5 and 8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (s, 3H).

4-{(S)-2-(2-Ethylthiazole-4-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropan-amido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹HNMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.16-7.29 (m, 5H), 7.02-7.12 (m, 4H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 5.10-5.35 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.67 (m, 3H), 3.18-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.05 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.82-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 1.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

4-{(S)-2-(2-Isopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropan-amido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.16 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz), 7.22-7.13 (m, 3H), 7.07 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.96 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 6.62 (s, 1H), 5.19 (t, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 4.36 (t, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.08 (1H, A of ABX, J=3.6, 14.5 Hz), 2.99 (1H, B of ABX, J=7.2, 13.8 Hz), 2.85-2.78 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, 6H, J=6.9 Hz).

4-{(S)-2-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.15-7.02 (m, 5H), 6.96-6.93 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.86-6.83 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz), 6.39 (s, 1H), 5.01 (t, 1H, J=5.0 Hz), 4.22 (t, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 3.51 (s, 3H), 2.98-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.22-2.21 (m, 1H), 1.06-1.02 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.88 (m, 2H).

4-{(S)-2-{2-[(4-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)methyl]thiazol-4-yl}-2-[(S)-2-(methoxy-carbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.96-7.93 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.83-7.80 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.44-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.29-7.27 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.14-7.11 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.97 (s, 1H), 5.31 (t, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 5.22-5.15 (m, 2H), 4.55 (t, 1H, J=7.3 Hz), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.20-2.96 (m, 4H).

4-{(S)-2-[2-(tert-Butylsulfonylmethyl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl-amino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.40-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.21-7.10 (m, 4H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.37 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 5.01-4.98 (m, 2H), 4.51 (t, 1H, J=7.1 Hz), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.34-2.91 (m, 4H), 1.58 (s, 9H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropionamido]-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.96-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.56 (m, 3H), 7.13-7.38 (m, 6H), 6.92-6.95 (m, 4H), 5.11-5.16 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.35 (m, 1H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 3.39-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.09-3.19 (m, 1H), 2.92-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.75 (dd, J=10.5 Hz and 9.9 Hz, 1H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.61-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.01 (m, 10H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 5.24-5.21 (q, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 4.38 (t, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 3.60 (s, 3H), 3.23-3.14 (m, 1H), 3.08-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.80 (m, 1H).

4-{(S)-2-[2-(3-Chlorothiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl-amino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.78-7.76 (d, 1H, J=5.4 Hz), 7.36-7.14 (m, 10H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 5.39 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 4.54 (t, 1H, J=7.3 Hz), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.39-2.98 (m, 4H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2-(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.38 (d, 1H, J=5.1 Hz), 7.15-6.93 (m, 10H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 5.17 (t, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 4.31 (t, 1H, J=7.3 Hz), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.18-3.11 (m, 1H), 3.02-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.46 (s, 3H).

4-{[(S)-2-(2-(Furan-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.54-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.02-6.79 (m, 10H), 6.55-6.51 (m, 1H), 6.44-6.41 (m, 1H), 5.02-5.00 (q, 1H, J=6.4 Hz), 4.16-4.14 (q, 1H, J=7.1 Hz), 3.43 (s, 3H), 2.96-2.58 (m, 4H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)thiazole-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 8.27 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 6.99-7.21 (m, 8H), 5.18-5.30 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.39 (m, 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.20 (dd, J=14.1 and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.98-3.08 (m, 2H), 2.84 (dd, J=14.1 and 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (s, 3H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(2-pyrazine-2-yl)thiazole-4-yl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 9.34 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 2H), 8.34 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.00-5.16 (m. 9H), 5.30 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.23 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.98-3.13 (m, 2H), 2.85 (dd, J=13.8 and 6.9 Hz, 1H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 8.90 (s, 1H), 8.19-8.13 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.36 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.07-6.88 (m, 9H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 5.17 (t, 1H, J=7.0 Hz), 4.29 (t, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 3.54 (s, 3H), 3.10-2.73 (m, 4H), 2.53 (s, 3H).

Category III of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazol-2-yl unit and non-limiting examples of R and R¹ and the stereochemistry at R¹ are further described in Table V.

TABLE V No. R R¹ 101 thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 102 4-methylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 103 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 104 4-propylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 105 4-iso-propylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 106 4-cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 107 4-butylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 108 4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 109 4-cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 110 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 111 4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 112 4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 113 4-(methoxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 114 4-(carboxylic acid ethyl ester)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 115 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 116 4-methyl-5-ethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 117 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 118 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 119 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 120 4-methyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 121 4-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 122 4-(thiophene-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 123 4-(5-chlorothiophene-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 124 5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[d]thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl 125 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl (S)-benzyl

The compounds encompassed within Category III of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme V and described in Example 5 herein below.

EXAMPLE 5 4-[(S)-2-((S)-2-Acetamido-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid (15)

Preparation of (S)-2-acetamido-N—[(S)-1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-3-phenylpropanamide (14): To a solution of 1-(S)-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl amine hydrobromide, 3, (0.343 g, 0.957 mmol), N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine (0.218 g), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (0.161 g), diisopropyl-ethylamine (0.26 g), in DMF (10 mL) at 0°, is added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI) (0.201 g). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO₃, water and brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.313 g (70% yield) of the desired product which is used without further purification. LC/MS ESI+467 (M+1).

Preparation of 4-((S)-2-((S)-2-acetamido-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid (15): (S)-2-Acetamido-N—[(S)-1-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-3-phenylpropanamide, 14, (0.313 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 2 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITE™ and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO₃-pyridine (0.320 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH₄OH (30 mL) is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.215 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.23-6.98 (m, 10H), 5.37 (t, 1H), 4.64 (t, 1H, J=6.3 Hz), 3.26-2.74 (m, 6H), 1.91 (s, 3H), 1.29 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).

The following are further non-limiting examples of compounds encompassed within Category III of the present disclosure.

4-[(S)-2-((S)-2-Acetamido-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-(4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.22-7.17 (m, 5H), 7.06 (dd, J=14.1, 8.4 Hz, 4H), 6.97 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (dd, J=8.4, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.33-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.13-3.00 (m, 3H), 2.80 (dd, J=13.5, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.91 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 9H).

4-{(S)-2-((S)-2-Acetamido-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-[4-(thiophen-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.58 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.83-7.82 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.28-6.93 (m, 11H), 5.54-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.69-4.55 (m, 2H), 3.41-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.14-3.06 (3H), 2.86-2.79 (m, 1H), 1.93 (s, 3H).

The first aspect of Category IV of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiophene-2-yl unit and non-limiting examples of R and R¹ and the stereochemistry at R¹ are further described in Table VI.

TABLE VI No. R R¹ 126 thiazol-2-yl hydrogen 127 4-methylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 128 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 129 4-propylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 130 4-iso-propylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 131 4-cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 132 4-butylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 133 4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 134 4-cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 135 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 136 4-methyl-5-ethylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 137 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl hydrogen 138 thiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 139 4-methylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 140 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 141 4-propylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 142 4-iso-propylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 143 4-cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 144 4-butylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 145 4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 146 4-cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 147 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 148 4-methyl-5-ethylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 149 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl 150 4-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl (S)-iso-propyl

The compounds encompassed within Category IV of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme VI and described in Example 6 herein below.

EXAMPLE 6 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (17)

Preparation of {1-[1-(ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylcarbamoyl]-2-methylpropyl}carbamic acid tert-butylester (16): To a solution of 1-(S)-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl amine hydrobromide, 3, (0.200 g, 0.558 mmol), (S)-(2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutyric acid (0.133 g) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) (0.094 g) in DMF (5 mL) at 0°, is added 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI) (0.118 g) followed by diisopropylamine (0.151 g). The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes then at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase is washed with 1 N aqueous HCl, 5% aqueous NaHCO₃, water and brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent is removed in vacuo to afford 0.219 g (82% yield) of the desired product which is used without further purification. LC/MS ESI+477 (M+1).

Preparation of 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid (17): {{1-[1-(ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylcarbamoyl]-2-methylpropyl}carbamic acid tert-butylester, 16, (0.219 g) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 2 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITE™ and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (5 mL) and treated with SO₃-pyridine (0.146 g). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH₄OH (30 mL) is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.148 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.08 (s, 4H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.43 (s, 1H), 3.85 (s, 1H), 3.28-2.77 (m, 4H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.29 (s, 3H, J=7.3 Hz), 0.83 (s, 6H).

The following are further non-limiting examples of the first aspect of Category IV of the present disclosure.

(S)-4-{2-[2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)acetamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.09-6.91 (m, 5H), 5.30 (t, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 3.60-2.64 (m, 6H), 1.34 (s, 9H), 1.16 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-4-methylpentanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.19-7.00 (m, 4H), 5.50-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.06 (m, 1H), 3.32 (1H, A of ABX, J=7.5, 18 Hz), 3.12 (1H, B of ABX, J=8.1, 13.8 Hz), 2.79 (q, 2H, J=7.8, 14.7 Hz), 1.70-1.55 (m, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.33 (t, 3H, J=2.7 Hz), 0.92 (q, 6H, J=6, 10.8 Hz).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-4-methylpentanamido]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.06 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.61-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.15 (t, 1H, J=0.6 Hz), 7.09-6.98 (m, 6H), 5.30-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.19-3.13 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.33 (m, 10H), 0.95-0.89 (m, 6H).

The following are non-limiting examples of the second aspect of Category IV of the present disclosure.

(S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(methoxycarbonylamino)acetamido]ethyl}-phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.12-7.07 (m, 4H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 5.42 (t, 1H, J=5.7 Hz), 3.83-3.68 (q, 2H, J=11.4 Hz), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.34-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.83-2.76 (q, 2H, J=7.8 Hz), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).

4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.56 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.09 (s, 4H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 5.26-5.20 (m, 1H), 3.90 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.30 (1H, A of ABX, obscured by solvent), 3.08 (1H, B of ABX, J=9.9, 9 Hz), 2.79 (q, 2H, J=11.1, 7.2 Hz), 2.05-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz), 0.88 (s, 3H), 0.85 (s, 3H), 0.79-0.75 (m, 1H).

4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-4-methylpentanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.19-7.00 (m, 4H), 5.50-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.06 (m, 1H), 3.32 (1H, A of ABX, J=7.5, 18 Hz), 3.12 (1H, B of ABX, J=8.1, 13.8 Hz), 2.79 (q, 2H, J=7.8, 14.7 Hz), 1.70-1.55 (m, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.33 (t, 3H, J=2.7 Hz), 0.92 (q, 6H, J=6, 10.8 Hz).

4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-4-methylpentan-amido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.12-7.03 (m, 5H), 6.84 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 5.40 (t, 1H, J=5.7 Hz), 4.16 (t, 1H, J=6.3 Hz), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.61-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.14-3.07 (m, 1H), 2.81 (q, 2H, J=3.9, 11.2 Hz), 1.66-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.48-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.31 (t, 3H, J=4.5 Hz), 0.96-0.90 (m, 6H).

4-((S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-{(S)-2-[2-(methoxycarbonyl)acetamido]-3-phenylpropanamido}ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.22-7.01 (m, 9H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 5.37-5.32 (m, 1H), 4.64 (t, 1H, J=7.1 Hz), 3.71-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.03-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.83-2.72 (m, 3H), 1.28 (t, 3H, J=7.5 Hz).

Category V of the present disclosure relates to compounds having the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiophene-2-yl or thiophene-4-yl unit and non-limiting examples of R² are further described in Table VII.

TABLE VII No. R R² 151 thiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 152 4-methylthiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 153 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 154 4-cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 155 4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 156 4-cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 157 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 158 4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 159 4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 160 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 161 4-methyl-5-ethylthiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 162 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 163 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 164 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 165 4-methyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 166 4-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 167 thiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 168 4-methylthiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 169 4-ethylthiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 170 4-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 171 4-tert-butylthiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 172 4-cyclohexylthiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 173 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 174 4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 175 4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 178 4-phenylthiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 179 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 180 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 182 4-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl —OC(CH₃)₃ 183 thiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 184 4-methylthiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 185 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 186 4-cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 187 4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 188 4-cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 189 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 190 4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 191 4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 192 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 193 4-methyl-5-ethylthiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 194 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 195 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 196 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 197 4-methyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 198 4-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl —OCH₃ 199 thiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 200 4-methylthiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 201 4-ethylthiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 202 4-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 203 4-tert-butylthiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 204 4-cyclohexylthiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 205 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 206 4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 207 4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 210 4-phenylthiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 211 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 212 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 214 4-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl —OCH₃ 215 thiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 216 4-methylthiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 217 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 218 4-cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 219 4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 220 4-cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 221 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 222 4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 223 4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 224 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 225 4-methyl-5-ethylthiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 226 4-phenylthiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 227 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 228 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 229 4-methyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 230 4-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl —CH₃ 231 thiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 232 4-methylthiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 233 4-ethylthiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 234 4-cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 235 4-tert-butylthiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 236 4-cyclohexylthiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 237 4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 238 4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 239 4-(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 242 4-phenylthiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 243 4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 244 4-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazol-4-yl —CH₃ 246 4-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl —CH₃

The compounds encompassed within Category V of the present disclosure can be prepared by the procedure outlined in Scheme VI and described in Example 7 herein below.

EXAMPLE 7 [1-(S)-(Phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (19)

Preparation of [2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(S)-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (18): A mixture of [2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(S)-thiocarbamoylethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 2, (0.343 g, 1.05 mmol), 2-bromo-acetophenone (0.231 g, 1.15 mmol), in CH₃CN (5 mL) is refluxed 1.5 hour. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the residue re-dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ then pyridine (0.24 mL, 3.0 mmol) and Boc₂O (0.24 mL, 1.1 mmol) are added. The reaction is stirred for 2 hours and diethyl ether is added to the solution and the precipitate which forms is removed by filtration. The organic layer is dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to a residue which is purified over silica to afford 0.176 g (39%) of the desired product ESI+MS 426 (M+1).

Preparation of [1-(S)-(phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (19): [2-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(S)-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester, 18, (0.176 g, 0.41 mmol) is dissolved in MeOH (4 mL). A catalytic amount of Pd/C (10% w/w) is added and the mixture is stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere 12 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered through a bed of CELITE™ and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is dissolved in pyridine (12 mL) and treated with SO₃-pyridine (0.195 g, 1.23 mmol). The reaction is stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes after which a 7% solution of NH₄OH (10 mL) is added. The mixture is then concentrated and the resulting residue is purified by reverse phase chromatography to afford 0.080 g of the desired product as the ammonium salt. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.93 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.37-7.32 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.18 (m, 3H), 5.13-5.18 (m, 1H), 3.40 (dd, J=4.5 and 15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (dd, J=9.6 and 14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

The following are further non-limiting examples of Category V of the present disclosure.

(S)-4-(2-(4-Methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.31 (s, 4H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 5.61-5.56 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 3H).

(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.92 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.14 (m, 4H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 5.38-5.46 (m, 1H), 3.3-3.4 (m, 1H), 3.08 (dd, J=10.2 and 13.8 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.30 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (s, 9H).

(S)—N-(1-(4-Hydroxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.92 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.29-5.37 (m, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 3.30 (dd, J=4.8 and 13.5 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (dd, J=10.5 and 13.5 Hz, 1H), 0.93 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(4-Ethoxycarbonyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamideoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 4H), 5.41-5.49 (m, 1H), 4.41 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (dd, J=5.1 and 13.8 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (dd, J=5.7 and 9.9 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(4-Phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.94-8.01 (m, 3H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.42-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.20 (m, 3H), 5.48-5.55 (m, 1H), 3.50 (dd, J=5.1 and 14.1 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=10.2 and 14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (s, 9H).

4-((S)-2-(4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.96-7.93 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.49 (d, 2H, J=7.9 Hz), 7.33 (t, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.14 (s, 4H), 6.92-6.90 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 5.50 (t, 1H, J=5.1 Hz), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.13 (m, 2H), 1.15 (s, 9H).

4-((S)-2-(4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.98-7.85 (m, 3H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.26-7.12 (m, 3H), 7.03-6.98 (m, 2H), 5.54-5.46 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.13 (m, 2H), 1.15 (s, 9H).

4-((S)-2-(4-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 8.11-8.09 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.96-7.93 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.18-7.16 (m, 4H), 6.67-6.64 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 5.55-5.47 (m, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.13 (m, 2H), 1.17 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(4-Benzylthiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.85 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.38-7.20 (m, 4H), 7.11-7.02 (m, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 5.42-5.37 (m, 1H), 4.13 (s, 2H), 3.13-3.08 (m, 2H), 1.13 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-Pivalamido-2-(4-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.88-7.85 (d, 1H), 7.38-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.01 (m, 4H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.45-5.38 (m, 1H), 4.13 (s, 2H), 3.13-3.05 (m, 2H), 1.13 (2, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(4-(3-Methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.85 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.02 (m, 4H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.90-6.79 (m, 2H), 5.45-5.40 (m, 1H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.12-3.08 (m, 2H), 1.10 (s, 9H).

4-((S)-2-(4-(2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.42-7.40 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.19-7.15 (m, 4H), 6.91-6.88 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 5.51-5.46 (m, 1H), 4.30 (s, 4H), 3.51-3.12 (m, 2H), 1.16 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(5-Methyl-4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 7.63-7.60 (d, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 7.49-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.14 (s, 4H), 5.43-5.38 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.09 (m, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.14 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(4-(Biphenyl-4-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 8.04-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.66 (m, 5H), 7.48-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.15 (s, 4H), 5.50 (t, 1H, J=5.0 Hz), 3.57-3.15 (d, 2H), 1.16 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(2-methylthaizol-4-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 6.99-7.002 (m, 4H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 2.26 (dd, J=13.8 and 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (dd, J=13.8 and 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 1.17 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-2-(4-propylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.18-7.02 (m, 5H), 5.06-5.03 (m, 1H), 3.26 (dd, J=13.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (dd, J=13.8, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (dd, J=15.0, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.81-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 7H), 1.33 (bs, 2H), 0.988 (t, J=7.5 Hz 3H).

(S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-2-(4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.12 (s, 4H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 5.11-5.06 (m, 1H), 3.32-3.25 (m, 1H), 2.96 (m, 1H), 1.42 (s, 8H), 1.38 (s, 9H), 1.32 (s, 1H).

(S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-2-(4-(methoxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl

sulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.14-7.05 (m, 4H), 5.06 (dd, J=9.0, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 3.42 (s, 3H), 3.31-3.24 (m, 1H), 2.97 (dd, J=13.8, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 1.47-1.31 (m, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-2-(4-(2-hydroxymethyl)thiazol-2 yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.22-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.09-7.15 (m, 4H), 5.00-5.09 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.35 (m, 1H), 3.87 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.23-3.29 (m, 1H), 3.09-3.18 (m, 1H), 2.98 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-2-(4-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-thiazole-2-yl)-ethyl) phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.16 (m, 4H), 5.04-5.09 (m, 1H), 4.20 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 3.30 (dd, J=4.8 and 14.1 HZ, 1H), 2.97 (dd, J=9.6 Hz and 13.8 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.29 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

(S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-2-(4-(2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoyethyl amino)-2-oxoethyl)thiazole-2-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.01-7.16 (m, 4H), 5.04-5.09 (m, 1H), 4.01 (s, 2H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.29 (dd, J=5.1 and 13.8 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (dd, J=9.3 and 13.8 Hz, 1H), 1.41 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(2-(pivaloyloxy)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 6.95 (s, 4H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 2.94 (dd, J=13.5 and 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (dd, J=13.5 and 4.8 Hz, 1H), 1.16 (s, 9H), 1.13 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.14 (s, 4H), 5.09 (bs, 1H), 3.07-2.99 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

4-((S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.22-8.19 (m, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 4H), 5.17-5.14 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.32 (m, 1H), 3.05 (dd, J=14.1, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.46-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.14 (s, 4H), 5.09 (bs, 1H), 3.07-2.99 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

(S)-{4-[2,2-Dimethyl-propionylamino)-2-(2-phenyl-thiazole-4-yl)ethyl]phenyl}-sulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.92-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.08-7.15 (m, 4H), 5.34-5.41 (m, 1H), 3.26 (dd, J=14.1 and 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dd, J=13.8 and 9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamido)-2-(4-phenyl)-2-(4-phenylthiazole-2-yl)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.93 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.37-7.32 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.18 (m, 3H), 5.13-5.18 (m, 1H), 3.40 (dd, J=4.5 and 15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (dd, J=9.6 and 14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

(S,S)-2-(2-{2-[2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethyl]thiazol-4-yl}acetylamido)-3-phenylpropionic acid methyl ester: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 6.85-6.94 (m, 9H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 4.83 (s, 1H), 4.54-4.58 (m, 1H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 3.39 (s, 2H), 2.80-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.78 (m, 1H), 1.12 (s, 9H).

(S)-[1-{1-Oxo-4-[2-(1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5-sulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-1λ⁴-thiazol-2-yl}-2-(4-sulfamino-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.22-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.62-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.10-7.20 (m, 5H), 5.25 (m, 1H), 4.27-4.36 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.21 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.44 (m, 4H), 2.84-2.90 (m, 1H), 1.33 (s, 9H).

4-((S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4-(thiophen-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl sulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 7.84 (dd, J=3.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=4.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 4H), 5.15-5.10 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.01 (dd, J=14.1, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (s, 8H), 1.32 (s, 1H).

(S)-4-(2-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)ethyl)-phenylsulfamic acid: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.86-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.42 (t, 2H, J=7.1 Hz), 7.33 (t, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.02 (s, 4H), 5.10-5.05 (m, 1H), 2.99-2.91 (m, 2H), 1.29 (s, 9H).

(S)-4-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)-phenylsulfamic acid ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 6.99-7.002 (m, 4H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 2.26 (dd, J=13.8 and 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (dd, J=13.8 and 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 1.17 (s, 9H).

Regulation of HPTP-β provides a means for modulating the activity of angiopoietin receptor-type tyrosine kinase Tie-2, and thereby mediate disease states wherein angiogenesis is improperly regulated by the human body. The compounds of the present disclosure serve as a means for providing regulation of angiogenesis. As such the present disclosure addresses several unmet medical needs, inter alia;

-   1) Providing compositions effective as human protein tyrosine     phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby provide a means     for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder wherein angiogenesis is     elevated; -   2) Providing compositions effective as human protein tyrosine     phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby provide a means     for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder; and -   3) Providing compositions effective human protein tyrosine     phosphatase beta (HPTP-β) inhibitors; and thereby provide a means     for regulating angiogenesis in a disorder wherein angiogenesis is     decreased.

For purposes of the present disclosure the term “regulate” is defined as in its accepted dictionary meanings. Thus, the meaning of the term “regulate” includes, but is not limited to, up-regulate or down-regulate, to fix, to bring order or uniformity, to govern, or to direct by various means. In one aspect, an antibody may be used in a method for the treatment of an “angiogenesis elevated disorder” or “angiogenesis reduced disorder”. As used herein, an “angiogenesis elevated disorder” is one that involves unwanted or elevated angiogenesis in the biological manifestation of the disease, disorder, and/or condition; in the biological cascade leading to the disorder; or as a symptom of the disorder. Similarly, the “angiogenesis reduced disorder” is one that involves wanted or reduced angiogenesis in the biological manifestations. This “involvement” of angiogenesis in an angiogenesis elevated/reduced disorder includes, but is not limited to, the following:

-   1. The angiogenesis as a “cause” of the disorder or biological     manifestation, whether the level of angiogenesis is elevated or     reduced genetically, by infection, by autoimmunity, trauma,     biomechanical causes, lifestyle, or by some other causes. -   2. The angiogenesis as part of the observable manifestation of the     disease or disorder. That is, the disease or disorder is measurable     in terms of the increased or reduced angiogenesis. From a clinical     standpoint, angiogenesis indicates the disease; however,     angiogenesis need not be the “hallmark” of the disease or disorder. -   3. The angiogenesis is part of the biochemical or cellular cascade     that results in the disease or disorder. In this respect, regulation     of angiogenesis may interrupt the cascade, and may control the     disease. Non-limiting examples of angiogenesis regulated disorders     that may be treated by the present disclosure are herein described     below.

Formulations

The present disclosure also relates to compositions or formulations which comprise the Kv1.5 potassium channel inhibitors according to the present disclosure. In general, the compositions of the present disclosure comprise:

-   -   a) an effective amount of one or more phenylsufamic acids and         salts thereof according to the present disclosure which are         effective as human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTP-β)         inhibitors; and     -   b) one or more excipients.

For the purposes of the present disclosure the term “excipient” and “carrier” are used interchangeably throughout the description of the present disclosure and said terms are defined herein as, “ingredients which are used in the practice of formulating a safe and effective pharmaceutical composition.”

The formulator will understand that excipients are used primarily to serve in delivering a safe, stable, and functional pharmaceutical, serving not only as part of the overall vehicle for delivery but also as a means for achieving effective absorption by the recipient of the active ingredient. An excipient may fill a role as simple and direct as being an inert filler, or an excipient as used herein may be part of a pH stabilizing system or coating to insure delivery of the ingredients safely to the stomach. The formulator can also take advantage of the fact the compounds of the present disclosure have improved cellular potency, pharmacokinetic properties, as well as improved oral bioavailability.

Non-limiting examples of compositions according to the present disclosure include:

-   -   a) from about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg of one or more         phenylsulfamic acids according to the present disclosure; and     -   b) one or more excipients.

Another embodiment according to the present disclosure relates to the following compositions:

-   -   a) from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg of one or more         phenylsulfamic acids according to the present disclosure; and     -   b) one or more excipients.

A further embodiment according to the present disclosure relates to the following compositions:

-   -   a) from about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg of one or more         phenylsulfamic acids according to the present disclosure; and     -   b) one or more excipients.

The term “effective amount” as used herein means “an amount of one or more phenylsulfamic acids, effective at dosages and for periods of time necessary to achieve the desired or therapeutic result.” An effective amount may vary according to factors known in the art, such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the human or animal being treated. Although particular dosage regimes may be described in examples herein, a person skilled in the art would appreciated that the dosage regime may be altered to provide optimum therapeutic response. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact “effective amount.” For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. In addition, the compositions of the present disclosure can be administered as frequently as necessary to achieve a therapeutic amount.

Method of Use

The present disclosure relates to methods for regulating angiogenesis in a human comprising administering to a human one or more of the disclosed compounds.

One example of the disclosed methods includes a method for treating an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject, wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis elevated disorder, and said disorder is chosen from diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, cancer, sickle cell anemia, sarcoid, syphilis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease, vein occlusion, artery occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, chronic uveitis/vitritis, mycobacterial infections, Lyme's disease, systemic lupus erythematosis, retinopathy of prematurity, Eales' disease, Behcet's disease, infections causing a retinitis or choroiditis, presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Best's disease, myopia, optic pits, Stargardt's disease, pars planitis, chronic retinal detachment, hyperviscosity syndrome, toxoplasmosis, trauma and post-laser complications, diseases associated with rubeosis, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Another example of the disclosed methods includes a method for treating an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject, wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis elevated disorder, and said disorder is chosen from inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, hemangiomas, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, solid or blood borne tumors and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

A further example of the disclosed methods includes a method for treating an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis reduced disorder and chosen from skeletal muscle and myocardial ischemia, stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease.

A yet further example of the disclosed methods includes a method of vascularizing ischemic tissue. As used herein, “ischemic tissue,” means tissue that is deprived of adequate blood flow. Examples of ischemic tissue include, but are not limited to, tissue that lack adequate blood supply resulting from myocardial and cerebral infarctions, mesenteric or limb ischemia, or the result of a vascular occlusion or stenosis. In one example, the interruption of the supply of oxygenated blood may be caused by a vascular occlusion. Such vascular occlusion may be caused by arteriosclerosis, trauma, surgical procedures, disease, and/or other etiologies. Also included within the methods of treatment of the present disclosure is the treatment of skeletal muscle and myocardial ischemia, stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease.

A still further example of the disclosed methods includes a method of repairing tissue. As used herein, “repairing tissue” means promoting tissue repair, regeneration, growth, and/or maintenance including, but not limited to, wound repair or tissue engineering. One skilled in the art appreciates that new blood vessel formation is required for tissue repair. In turn, tissue may be damaged by, including, but not limited to, traumatic injuries or conditions including arthritis, osteoporosis and other skeletal disorders, and burns. Tissue may also be damaged by injuries due to surgical procedures, irradiation, laceration, toxic chemicals, viral infection or bacterial infections, or burns. Tissue in need of repair also includes non-healing wounds. Examples of non-healing wounds include non-healing skin ulcers resulting from diabetic pathology; or fractures that do not heal readily.

The disclosed compounds are also suitable for use in effecting tissue repair in the context of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedures. Such procedures are currently used by those skilled in the arts to accelerate wound healing following invasive surgical procedures.

A yet still further example of the disclosed methods includes a method of promoting tissue repair characterized by enhanced tissue growth during the process of tissue engineering. As used herein, “tissue engineering” is defined as the creation, design, and fabrication of biological prosthetic devices, in combination with synthetic or natural materials, for the augmentation or replacement of body tissues and organs. Thus, the present methods may be used to augment the design and growth of human tissues outside the body for later implantation in the repair or replacement of diseased tissues. For example, antibodies may be useful in promoting the growth of skin graft replacements that are used as a therapy in the treatment of burns.

Other examples of the tissue engineering example of the disclosed methods includes in cell-containing or cell-free devices that induce the regeneration of functional human tissues when implanted at a site that requires regeneration. As discussed herein, biomaterial-guided tissue regeneration may be used to promote bone re-growth in, for example, periodontal disease. Thus, antibodies may be used to promote the growth of reconstituted tissues assembled into three-dimensional configurations at the site of a wound or other tissue in need of such repair.

A yet further example of the tissue engineering example of the disclosed methods, the compounds disclosed herein can be included in external or internal devices containing human tissues designed to replace the function of diseased internal tissues. This approach involves isolating cells from the body, placing them with structural matrices, and implanting the new system inside the body or using the system outside the body. For example, antibodies may be included in a cell-lined vascular graft to promote the growth of the cells contained in the graft. It is envisioned that the methods of the disclosure may be used to augment tissue repair, regeneration and engineering in products such as cartilage and bone, central nervous system tissues, muscle, liver, and pancreatic islet (insulin-producing) cells.

The present disclosure also relates to the use of the disclosed phenylsulfamic acids in the manufacture of a medicament for promoting the growth of skin graft replacements.

The present disclosure also relates to the use of the disclosed phenylsulfamic acids according to the present disclosure in the manufacture of a medicament for use in effecting tissue repair in the context of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedures.

The disclosed compounds can be used in the manufacture of one or more medicaments, non-limiting examples of these medicaments are:

Medicaments for the treatment an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject, wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis elevated disorder.

Medicaments for the treatment an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject, wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis elevated disorder chosen from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, hemangiomas, Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, solid or blood borne tumors and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Medicaments useful for the purposes of tissue engineering thereby inducing enhanced tissue growth.

Medicaments for the treatment an angiogenesis regulated disorder in a subject, wherein the angiogenesis regulated disorder is an angiogenesis reduced disorder.

Procedures

Screening Assays using in vitro and in vivo models of angiogenesis

Antibodies of the disclosure may be screened in angiogenesis assays that are known in the art. Such assays include in vitro assays that measure surrogates of blood vessel growth in cultured cells or formation of vascular structures from tissue explants and in vivo assays that measure blood vessel growth directly or indirectly (Auerbach, R., et al. (2003). Clin Chem 49, 32-40, Vailhe, B., et al. (2001). Lab Invest 81, 439-452).

1. In Vitro Models of Angiogenesis

The in vitro models which are suitable for use in the present disclosure employ cultured endothelial cells or tissue explants and measure the effect of agents on “angiogenic” cell responses or on the formation of blood capillary-like structures. Non-limiting examples of in vitro angiogenesis assays include but are not limited to endothelial cell migration and proliferation, capillary tube formation, endothelial sprouting, the aortic ring explant assay and the chick aortic arch assay.

2. In Vivo Models of Angiogenesis

The in vivo agents or antibodies which are suitable for use in the present disclosure are administered locally or systemically in the presence or absence of growth factors (i.e. VEGF or angiopoietin 1) and new blood vessel growth is measured by direct observation or by measuring a surrogate marker such as hemoglobin content or a fluorescent indicator. Non-limiting examples of in vitro angiogenesis assays include but are not limited to chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, the corneal angiogenesis assay, and the Matrigel® plug assay.

3. Procedures for Determining Vascularization of Ischemic Tissue.

Standard routine techniques are available to determine if a tissue is at risk of suffering ischemic damage from undesirable vascular occlusion. For example, in myocardial disease these methods include a variety of imaging techniques (e.g., radiotracer methodologies, x-ray, and MRI) and physiological tests. Therefore, induction of angiogenesis as an effective means of preventing or attenuating ischemia in tissues affected by or at risk of being affected by a vascular occlusion can be readily determined.

A person skilled in the art of using standard techniques may measure the vascularization of tissue. Non-limiting examples of measuring vascularization in a subject include SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography); PET (positron emission tomography); MRI (magnetic resonance imaging); and combination thereof, by measuring blood flow to tissue before and after treatment. Angiography may be used as an assessment of macroscopic vascularity. Histologic evaluation may be used to quantify vascularity at the small vessel level. These and other techniques are discussed in Simons, et al., “Clinical trials in coronary angiogenesis,” Circulation, 102, 73-86 (2000).

The following are non-limiting examples of HPTPβ (IC₅₀ μM) and PTP1B (IC₅₀ μM) activity is listed herein below in Table VIII.

TABLE VIII HPTPβ PTP1B Compound IC₅₀ μM IC₅₀ μM

0.000157 0.722 (S)-{4-[2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(phenylacetylamino)ethyl]- phenyl}sulfamic acid

0.004 7.12 4-{(S)-2-[(R)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2- (4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.031 7.05 {1-[1-(5-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-(S)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethyl- carbamoyl]-(S)-2-phenylethyl}methyl carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

<5 × 10⁻⁸ 0.754 {1-[1-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-(S)-2-(4- sulfoaminophenyl)ethylcarbamoyl]-(S)-2-phenylethyl}methyl carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

<5 × 10⁻⁸ 0.905 4-{(S)-2-(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-3- phenylpropanamido-2-(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)}phenylsulfamic acid

0.000162 0.49 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3- phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.006 1.02 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2- (thiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.001 0.48 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4- methylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0001 1.03 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4- propylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0002 0.708 4-{(S)-2-(4-tert-Butylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3- phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.00001 0.3 4-{(S)-2-(4-Cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxy- carbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

<5 × 10⁻⁸ 1.78 4-{(S)-2-(4-Cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)- 3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.001 0.31 4-{(S)-2-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)- 3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0001 1.12 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethyl-5-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxy- carbonyl)-3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0003 1.63 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4- (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.00008 0.12 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-[4- (3,3,3-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.001 0.64 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4- (methoxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0002 0.07 4-{(S)-2-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxy- carbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0003 0.81 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(5- phenylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

<5 × 10⁻⁸ 0.39 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxy- carbonyl)-3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

<2 × 10⁻⁶ 0.597 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4- phenylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

<5 × 10⁻⁸ 0.99 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4- (thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.00009 0.44 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4- (thiophen-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.001 0.18 4-{(S)-2-(5,6-Dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2- (methoxy-carbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0004 0.089 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2- (4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

<5 × 10⁻⁸ 0.37 4-{(S)-2-[4-(5-Chlorothiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl]-2-[(S)-2- (methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]phenyl-sulfamic acid

0.00014 0.68 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4- ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0001 1.01 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(2- (thylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.001 1.16 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(2- (ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0002 1.35 4-{(S)-2-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxy- carbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.00008 2.54 4-{(S)-2-{2-[(4-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)methyl]thiazol-4-yl}-2- [(S)-2-(methoxy-carbonyl)-3- phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.002 1.21 4-{(S)-2-[2-(tert-Butylsulfonylmethyl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-[(S)-2- (methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

7 × 10⁻⁷ 0.508 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropionamido]-2-(2- (henylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

5 × 10⁻⁸ 0.604 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2- (thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

<5 × 10⁻⁸ 0.95 4-{(S)-2-[2-(3-Chlorothiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-[(S)-2- (methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

<5 × 10⁻⁸ 1.09 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2- (3-methylthiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0004 5 4-{[(S)-2-(2-(Furan-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxy- carbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.003 0.295 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2- (pyrazin-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.001 1.97 4-[(S)-2-((S)-2-Acetamido-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-(4- ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid

0.0003 1.52 4-[(S)-2-((S)-2-Acetamido-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-(4-tert- butylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid

0.00024 1.16 4-{(S)-2-((S)-2-Acetamido-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-[4- (thiophen-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.006 1.06 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3-methylbutanamido]-2-(4- ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.028 16.0 (S)-4-{2-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)acetamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2- yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.020 5.26 (S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2- (methoxycarbonyl)acetamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.003 1.03 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-3- methylbutanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.001 0.48 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-4-methylpentanamido]-2- (4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0003 0.07 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-4- methylpentanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.0003 0.299 4-((S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-{(S)-2-[2-(methoxycarbonylamino)- acetamido]-3-phenylpropanamido}ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

<5 × 10⁻⁸ 0.52 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-4-methylpentanamido]-2-[2- (thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.028 16.0 (S)-4-{2-[2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)acetamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2- yl)ethyl}-phenylsulfamic acid

0.049 33.02 [1-(S)-(Phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethyl]- carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

0.112 50 (S)-4-(2-(4-Methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenyl- sulfamic acid

0.085 142 (S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenyl- sulfamic acid

0.266 50 (S)-4-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl]-2- pivalamidoethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid

0.584 44.9 (S)-4-{[2-(4-Ethoxycarbonyl)thiazol-2-yl]-2- pivalamidoethyl}phenylsulfamic acid

0.042 82.3 (S)-4-(2-(4-Phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2- pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.110 40.1 4-((S)-2-(4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2- pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.086 43.1 4-((S)2-(4-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2- pivalamidoethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid

0.113 38.2 (S)-4-(2-(4-Benzylthiazol-2-yl)-2- pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.132 50 (S)-4-(2-(4-(3-Methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2- pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.138 38.3 4-((S)-2-(4-(2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-2- pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.098 50.5 (S)-4-(2-(5-Methyl-4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2- pivalamidoethyl)pheylsulfamic acid

0.381 28.6 (S)-4-(2-(4-(Biphen-4-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-2- pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.033 18.9 (S)-4-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(2-methylthiazol-4- yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.04 35.6 (S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4-propylthiazol-2- yl)ethyl)phenyl sulfamic acid

0.027 50 (S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4-tert-butylthiazol-2- yl)ethyl)phenyl sulfamic acid

0.18 27.6 (S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4- (methoxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid

0.644 31.6 (S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4- (hydroxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.167 50 (S)-4-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4-(2-ethoxy-2- oxoethyl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.132 50 (S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-2-(4-(2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoyethyl amino)-2-oxoethyl)thiazole-2-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.555 9.12 (S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(2-pivalamidothaizol-4- yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid

0.308 11.4 (S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(5-phenylthiazol-2- yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid

0.253 11.8 4-((S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4-(3- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid

0.045 14.6 4-((S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4-(thiophen-3- yl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl sulfamic acid

The Rat hindlimb model is used to evaluate angiogenic properties of novel HPTPb inhibitors. Specifically to determine if there is enhanced blood flow to the collateral dependent region of the leg post ischemia when the animal is in an exercise challenged state. The specific compound accessed in this example is (4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}-phenylsulfamic acid.

Rat Hindlimb Model of Collateral Development

Animal Selection

In an effort to control for variables affecting execution of treadmill running, rats are familiarized with exercising on the treadmill (tmill) a week prior to surgery. This consisted of the rat running on the tmill for intermittent bouts totaling five minutes daily at speeds between 20-25 m/sec and an elevation of 7°. Previous experience demonstrated that animals that did not run well during the familiarization period performed just as poorly during subsequent blood flow determinations, possibly altering collateral blood flow measurements. Based on this experience, rats that did not perform well during the familiarization period are not included in this study.

Surgical Procedures

An initial surgery is done to create hindlimb ischemia and implant osmotic pumps essentially as previously described with minor alterations. Briefly, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (wt 340-390 grams) are first placed in an induction chamber with an O2 flow rate of 1 L/min and Isoflurane (ISO) at 2.5%, body temperature is maintained via a heating pad under the chamber. Following induction, animals are transferred to a surgical mat and anesthesia is continued via a non-rebreathing circuit. A warming lamp is positioned above the rat and a rectal probe is placed to monitor the animal's body temperature. The groin areas bilaterally are clipped and prepared with alternating Betadine and alcohol scrubs (3×) and a sterile drape is placed over the rat. The left femoral artery is exposed through a skin incision and subsequently ligated in two positions 1 cm apart; distal to the inguinal ligament and proximal to the femoral circumflex artery. The skin is closed using either skin staples or Vetbond. The same procedure is repeated on the right side. Animals in the Continuous infusion groups had an Alzet 2ML2 pump (already primed) inserted into the SubQ space on their backs which delivered either 15 mg/kg/d or 5 mg/kg/d of (4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid, or Vehicle depending upon the treatment groups. Animals in the VEGF treatment group underwent an additional procedure for placement of an osmotic pump (Alert™ model # 2004) on their neck. Prior to implantation, osmotic pumps are filled with VEGF165 solution at a dose of 15 μg/kg/day, and primed overnight inside sterile saline beakers in a water bath (37° C.). Stretched PE50 catheters coated with PPG (Poly propylene glycol Aldrich # 20-235-5) are attached using sterile technique and in accordance with manufacture's instructions the afternoon prior to surgery. For pump placement, an incision is made to expose the right jugular vein, an area is tunneled SubQ from the right side of the neck to the back and the pump is placed in the resulting SubQ pocket. The vessel is ligated with 4-0 silk, a cut is made in the vessel just distal to the tie and the catheter from the osmotic pump is threaded down stream (approx 2 cm) and secured with a second tie. The skin is closed in the same manner as above.

Blood Flow Assessment

Catheter Placement

Two weeks after the ligation surgery the rat underwent a second acute surgery to place indwelling catheters for microsphere measurements. Rats are anesthetized as described above. The animal is clipped, prepped, and EMLA cream is applied to each entry site. First an incision is made longitudinally at the ventral base of the tail using a 10 blade. A tapered PE 50 catheter is inserted approximately 3 cm into the ventral tail artery and anchored into place. The end of the catheter is then wrapped around the tail and tunneled SubQ over the back, exiting between the shoulder blades. Following tail artery cannulation, a midline neck incision is made to expose the left carotid artery for occlusive cannulation. A tapered PE 50 catheter is placed 3 cm into the carotid and the distal end is tunneled SubQ, exiting between the shoulder blades. The neck is closed with either skin stables or Vetbond and EMLA cream is applied. The exit site is closed around the catheters with a purse string suture stitch. The ends of the catheters are cauterized shut and the rat is allowed to recover from anesthesia for at least 4 hours.

Treadmill Protocol and Microsphere Measurements

For blood flow measurements, rats are placed onto the treadmill and the catheters are connected to extension tubing via 22 gage male-male connectors. For microsphere withdrawals and blood pressure measurements, the tail artery catheter is connected to a syringe (coated with tween and heparin-), which is “T” Ed to a withdrawal pump and a pressure transducer. The carotid catheter is used for injecting the microspheres. The rat began running at speed 20 m/min and an elevation of 70. One minute into the run the pump is turned on at a rate of 0.5 ml/min, ten seconds later 0.5 ml (1×10⁶ spheres/mL) of florescent microspheres are infused into the carotid line followed by a 0.5 ml flush over 30 seconds. The pump is set to stop at 90 seconds. The tmill is stopped, the extension lines are replaced and the animal's lines are flushed, and the animal allowed to rest. The syringe and lines are removed from the pump and the reference blood sample is place in a labeled tube for processing. The withdrawal syringe and extension lines are flushed 3 times with 2% tween, waste is flushed the reference blood tube A new syringe and lines are place on the pump and the procedure is repeated with the animal running at a faster speed, (25 m/min) and a different microsphere color is injected. At the completion of the second run, the animal is euthanized with 0.3 ml of Buthaneasia.

Tissue Harvesting and Analysis

Following euthanasia, tissues are removed, trimmed, weighed, recorded, and placed in marked tubes for processing. The samples are as follows for both left and right side; Soleus, Plantaris, Gastroc, Red Quads, and Kidneys. Blood samples are digested with 0.75 ml of 16 N KOH overnight. Tissue is digested with 5 ml of 4 N KOH overnight. Samples then vacuum filtered using 8-micron polycarbonate filters, and the filter paper is placed in a labeled vial with 1 ml of 2-ethoxyethyl acetate (2EEA). Following overnight digestion, samples are read using a black popypropolene plate on a fluorometer set on wavelengths 495-506 and 534-552. Exactly 270 ml of sample is pipetted into each well. Any further need for dilutions is noted on the animal's data sheet and corrected for in the raw data fluorescence. Raw data is converted to blood flow in terms of ml/min/100 g of tissue by the equation ({(Tissue Fluorescence/Tissue Weight g)/(Reference Blood Fluorescence/Blood withdraw rate mL/min)}*100 g). Flow values for left and right leg tissues are averaged together to create one value for each animal, as long as even distribution is exhibited between the kidneys.

In this study the VEGF treatment groups had the expected significant improvement in GPS blood flow over the Vehicle control groups. In terms of the hemodynamic data the only significant difference between any of the groups is observed in the blood pressures of the treatment groups. These pressures are actually lower than the VEGF and/or Vehicle groups, suggesting that perfusion pressures to the GPS would also be slightly low. This means that any changes measured in blood flow are real not just a calculation artifact. Blood flows from the SubQ Continuous Infusion, showed a significant improvement in Calf blood flow as compared to vehicle for both doses (5 mg/kg/d and 15 mg/kg/d) of the compound. The data also revealed that the lower dose (5 mg/kg/d) did not elicit a maximal VEGF response, suggesting a possible dose dependency with this compound.

The results of this experiment are summarized herein below.

TABLE IX Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Continuous SubQ Infusion VEGF Low High ANOVA 15 μg/kg/d Vehicle 5 mg/kg/d 15 mg/kg/d p Value Blood Pressure Pre-Exercise 146 ± 2.5 141 ± 3.1 132 ± 3.9† 137 ± 4.5 NS Exercise 156 ± 2.3 151 ± 4.6 142 ± 3.2† 144 ± 4.6 NS Post-Exercise 149 ± 2.8 148 ± 5.3 135 ± 3.1 133 ± 3.7*† <0.05 Heart Rate Pre-Exercise 452 ± 29.5 463 ± 18.1 429 ± 19.8 428 ± 13.5 NS Exercise 489 ± 10.0 577 ± 15.2 487 ± 10.1 456 ± 13.0 NS Post-Exercise 476 ± 18.1 468 ± 15.9 465 ± 18.8 462 ± 14.8 NS N 10 8 10 10 Data expressed as mean ± SE. ANOVA analysis using Tukey's test *significantly different from Vehicle, †significantly different p < 0.05 vs VEGF

TABLE X Blood Flow and Body Weight Continuous SubQ Infusion VEGF Low High ANOVA 15 μg/kg/d Vehicle 5 mg/kg/d 15 mg/kg/d p Value Blood Flow During exercise Calf (GPS)  76 ± 1.1*  53 ± 14  69 ± 2.0*†  75 ± 1.7* <0.001 Kidney 296 ± 32.3 248 ± 24.9 318 ± 30.1 319 ± 37.9 NS Weights Initial Body Wt 372 ± 3.6 369 ± 2.7 365 ± 4.8 364 ± 4.8 NS Ending Body 421 ± 5.5 411 ± 5.5 413 ± 5.6 409 ± 5.5 NS Wt N 10 8 9 8 Data expressed as mean ± SE. ANOVA analysis using Tukey's test *significantly different from Vehicle, †significantly different p < 0.05 vs VEGF

While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this disclosure. 

1. A compound of the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl unit having the formula:

R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R⁴ and R⁵ can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms; said substitutions are independently chosen from one or more C₁-C₆ linear- or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, OCH₃, CF₃, N(R₁₂)₂ or cyano units; R₁₂ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl; R⁶ is a unit chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R¹ is chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or iv) substituted or unsubstituted benzyl; R² is chosen from: i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy; R³ is hydrogen or C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R has the formula:


3. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each hydrogen.
 4. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl.
 5. A compound according to claim 4, wherein R⁴ is chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, cyclopropyl, n-hexyl, and cyclohexyl.
 6. A compound according to claim 4, wherein R⁴ is chosen from units having the formulae —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CH₂CF₃, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂N(CH₃)₂, and —CH₂NH(CH₂CH₃).
 7. A compound according to claim 4, wherein R⁴ is 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl, 2-methoxycyclohexyl, or 4-chlorocyclohexyl.
 8. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
 9. A compound according to claim 8, wherein R⁴ is chosen from phenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, 4-cyclopropylphenyl, 4-diethylaminophenyl, 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, and 3,4-dichlorophenyl.
 10. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R⁵ is hydrogen and R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
 11. A compound according to claim 10, wherein R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit, said heteroaryl unit chosen from 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl, and [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl.
 12. A compound according to claim 11, wherein R⁴ is chosen from furan-2-yl, thiophene-2-yl, 5-chlorothiophene-2-yl, and 5-methylthiophene-2-yl.
 13. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R is a unit wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms.
 14. A compound according to claim 13, wherein R is 5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[d]thiazol-2-yl or 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl.
 15. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R units have the formula


16. A compound according to claim 15, wherein R⁶ is hydrogen.
 17. A compound according to claim 15, wherein R⁶ is chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl.
 18. A compound according to claim 15, wherein R⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
 19. A compound according to claim 18, wherein R⁶ is chosen from include phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 4-methoxyphenyl.
 20. A compound according to claim 15, wherein R⁶ is a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl unit, said heteroaryl unit chosen from 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,3]triazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-4-yl, [1,2,4]triazol-5-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyrrol-3-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, isoxazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl, [1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, furan-3-yl, thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, isothiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl, [1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl, and [1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl.
 21. A compound according to claim 20, wherein R⁶ is chosen from thiophene-2-yl, thiophene-3-yl, thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl, thiazol-5-yl, 2,5-dimethylthiazol-4-yl, 2,4-dimethylthiazol-5-yl, 4-ethylthiazol-2-yl, oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, and 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl.
 22. A compound according to claim 15, wherein R⁶ has the formula:

R⁷ is C₁-C₄ substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
 23. A compound according to claim 22, wherein R⁶ is 4-chlorobenzenesulfonylmethyl or tert-butylsulfonylmethyl.
 24. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is hydrogen.
 25. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl.
 26. A compound according to claim 25, wherein R¹ is benzyl.
 27. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl.
 28. A compound according to claim 27, wherein R¹ is iso-propyl.
 29. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R² is a C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy unit having the formula: —OR⁸ wherein R⁸ is a C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl unit chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, or n-hexyl.
 30. A compound according to claim 29, wherein R⁸ is methyl, ethyl, or tert-butyl.
 31. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R² is a C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl unit.
 32. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R³ is hydrogen or methyl.
 33. A compound according to claim 32, wherein R³ is hydrogen.
 34. A compound of the formula:

wherein R² is chosen from: i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R⁴ and R⁵ can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms.
 35. A compound of the formula:

wherein R² is chosen from: i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy; R⁶ is chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
 36. A compound of the formula:

wherein R² is chosen from: i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R⁴ and R⁵ can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms.
 37. A compound of the formula:

wherein R² is chosen from: i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy; R⁶ is chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
 38. A compound of the formula:

wherein R² is chosen from: i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R⁴ and R⁵ can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms.
 39. A compound of the formula:

wherein R² is chosen from: i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy; R⁶ is chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 40. A compound chosen from; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(R)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; {1-[1-(5-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-(S)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethylcarbamoyl]-(S)-2-phenylethyl}methyl carbamic acid tert-butyl ester; {(S)-2-Phenyl-1-[1-(2-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-(S)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethyl-carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamic acid tert-butyl ester 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(thiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-propylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(4-tert-Butylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(4-Cyclopropylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(4-Cyclohexylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethyl-5-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[4-(2,2-Difluorocyclopropyl)thiazol-2-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4-(methoxy-methyl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(4-(Ethoxycarbonyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethyl-5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenyl-propanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[4-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[4-(thiophen-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(5,6-Dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxy-carbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[4-(5-Chlorothiophen-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Ethoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(2-ethylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(2-Ethylthiazole-4-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropan-amido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(2-Isopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropan-amido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(2-Cyclopropylthiazol-4-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-{2-[(4-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)methyl]thiazol-4-yl}-2-[(S)-2-(methoxy-carbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[2-(tert-Butylsulfonylmethyl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropionamido]-2-(2-phenylthiazole-4-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[2-(3-Chlorothiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2-(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{[(S)-2-(2-(Furan-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2-(2-methylthiazole-4-yl)thiazole-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-(2-pyrazine-2-yl)thiazole-4-yl}phenylsulfamic acid; and 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamido]-2-[2-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid.
 41. A compound chosen from: 4-[(S)-2-((S)-2-Acetamido-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid; 4-[(S)-2-((S)-2-Acetamido-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-(4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl]phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-((S)-2-Acetamido-3-phenylpropanamido)-2-[4-(thiophen-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; (S)-4-{2-[2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)acetamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid; (S)-4-{2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[2-(methoxycarbonylamino)acetamido]ethyl}phenyl-sulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido]-ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-4-methylpentanamido]-2-(4-ethylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-(4-Ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-[(S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-4-methylpentan-amido]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-4-methylpentanamido]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid; and 4-{(S)-2-[(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-4-methylpentanamido]-2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)thiazol-4-yl]ethyl}phenylsulfamic acid.
 42. A compound of the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl unit having the formula:

R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R⁴ and R⁵ can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms; said substitutions are independently chosen from one or more C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, or cyano units; R⁶ is a unit chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R² is chosen from: i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy.
 43. A compound chosen from: [1-(S)-(Phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-sulfoaminophenyl)ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester; (S)-4-(2-(4-Methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; (S)-4-(2-(4-Ethylthiazole-2-yl)-2-pivalamideoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; (S)—N-(1-(4-Hydroxymethyl)thiazole-2-yl)-2pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; (S)-4-(2-(4-Ethoxycarbonyl)thiazole-2-yl)-2-pivalamideoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; (S)-4-(2-(4-Phenylthiazole-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; 4-((S)-2-(4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; N—((S)-1-(4-(4-Chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl)pivalamide; 4-((S)-2-(4-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; 4-((S)-2-(4-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenyl-sulfamic acid; (S)-4-(2-(4-benzylthiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; (S)-4-(2-Pivalamido-2-(4-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; (S)-4-(2-(4-(3-Methoxybenzyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; 4-((S)-2-(4-(2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; (S)-4-(2-(5-Methyl-4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; (S)-4-(2-(4-(4-Biphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-pivalamidoethyl)phenylsulfamic acid; (S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4-propylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid; (S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid; and (S)-4-(2-(tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)-2-(4-(methoxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl)ethyl)-phenyl sulfamic acid.
 44. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: A) one or more compounds of the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl unit having the formula:

R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R⁴ and R⁵ can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms; said substitutions are independently chosen from one or more C₁-C₆ linear, or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, or cyano units; R⁶ is a unit chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R¹ is chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or iv) substituted or unsubstituted benzyl; R² is chosen from: i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy; R³ is hydrogen or C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and B) one or more excipients or carriers.
 45. A compound of the formula:

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl unit having the formula:

R² is chosen from: i) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl; or ii) C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkoxy; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R⁴ and R⁵ can be taken together to form a saturated or unsaturated ring having from 5 to 7 atoms; R⁶ is a unit chosen from: i) hydrogen; ii) substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ linear or branched alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cyclic alkyl; iii) substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; and iv) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
 46. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: A) one or more compounds according to claim 39; and B) one or more excipients or carriers.
 47. A compound according to claim 39, wherein the compound is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of either basic groups or acid groups.
 48. A compound according to claim 47, wherein the compounds are salts comprising anions chosen from chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, bisulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, pyruvate, lactate, oxalate, malonate, maleate, succinate, tartrate, fumarate, and citrate.
 49. A compound according to claim 47, wherein the compounds are salts comprising cations chosen from ammonium, sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and bismuth. 